The second fossil species of Cathartosilvanus (Coleoptera: Cucujoidea: Silvanidae) from Eocene Baltic amber

A new fossil species of the silvanid flat bark beetle genus Cathartosilvanus Grouvelle is described and illustrated from Baltic amber. Cathartosilvanus siteiterralevis sp. nov. differs from recent and fossil congeners in the distinct, sharp denticle found along its posterior pronotal angle. The phenomenon of specific body parts becoming disconnected, and the compression of specimens is briefly discussed and interpreted in the context of amber taphonomy. The specimen under study appears to be an uncommon case of a weakly sclerotized beetle imago becoming entrapped in resin shortly after moulting.

The geological backgrounds of the Baltic and Bitterfeld amber deposits have recently been reviewed (Standke, 2008;Weitschat and Wichard, 2010), and the interconnectedness of these deposits has been assessed on the basis of arthropod inclusions (e.g., Hoffeins and Hoffeins, 2003;Szwedo and Sontag, 2013;Dunlop et al., 2018) and geochemistry (Wolfe et al., 2016). Amber from the former Palmnicken mine (Yatarny settlement, Kaliningrad, Russia) is part of a commercially mined deposit of Baltic amber. In the present paper, we provide a description of a new species of the genus Cathartosilvanus from this fossil resin.

Material and methods
The material examined is deposited in the palaeontology collection of the Royal Saskatchewan Museum (Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada) (RSM).
Observations of this specimen were made using a Nikon SMZ745T stereomicroscope. Photographs were taken using a Visionary Digital imaging system, consisting of a Canon EOS 5D camera with a Canon MP-E 65 mm macrophotography lens, attached to an automated camera lift with studio flash lighting. Extended depth of field at high magnifications was achieved by combining multiple images from a range of focal planes using Helicon Focus 6.8.0 software, and the resulting images were edited to create figures using Adobe Photoshop CS5.
Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin. 112 V. I. Alekseev et al.: The second fossil species of Cathartosilvanus from Eocene Baltic amber The following sources were used for the comparison with recent genera: Halstead (1973), Thomas (1993), andFriedman (2015).

Type material
Holotype: collection number P3300.87 [RSM]; adult, sex unknown. Single beetle included in a transparent, yellow, round amber piece (with diameter of 8 mm and thickness of 2.5 mm); preserved without supplementary fixation. Specimen is complete, but dorsoventrally compressed (possibly postmortem compression), with almost tripartite body division between head, prothorax, and the rest of body. Syninclusions: few stellate fagacean trichomes, fragments of unknown insect, and two small detritus particles.

Type strata
Baltic amber from Eocene amber-bearing blue Earth layers (mostly Bartonian age is interpreted for the extinct central European resin-producing forests according to Bukejs et al., 2019).

Etymology
The specific epithet is derived from sit ei terra levis, an ancient Latin inscription on tombstones meaning "may the Earth rest lightly on you". The name is used as a noun in apposition.

Diagnosis
The new species from Baltic amber has the anterior edge of the pronotum almost straight and possesses a single, distinct, sharp denticle at posterior pronotal angle. In all extant species of Cathartosilvanus, lateral portions of the pronotal anterior edge obviously slope backwards to reach anterolateral angles within one-third of the edge's width or less; posterior pronotal angles are well-defined or not, but lack a sharp denticle anteriorly. Additionally, C. siteiterralevis sp. nov. can be distinguished by its weakly undulating pronotal lateral sides (finely denticulate in extant species) and by its sparse elytral punctation.
Cathartosilvanus siteiterralevis sp. nov. differs from Baltic amber congener C. necromanticus Alekseev in having a distinctly smaller body size (2.3 mm in contrast to 3.5 mm in C. necromanticus); a sharp pronotal denticle at posterior angle (lacking in C. necromanticus); and sparse, fine pronotal punctation (pronotum is deeply and densely punctate in C. necromanticus).
Head nearly as long as wide, impunctate; forehead almost flat, vertex slightly convex. Labrum with anterior margin widely rounded. Fronto-clypeal suture absent. Compound eyes relatively small and prominent, hemispherical, with coarse facets; eyes widely separated, with distance between eyes about 6× transverse diameter of one eye. Temple very short, length about 0.3× eye length; posterior outer angle of temple acute and pointed. Antennal grooves absent. Mandibulae bidentate apically.
Relative length ratios of mesoventrite to metaventrite to abdomen are 2 : 3 : 9. Prohypomera covered with fine punctation. Prosternal process elongate, strongly dilated apically, truncate, distinctly narrower than anterior margin of mesoventrite. Procoxal cavities closed. Metaventrite with median line, densely covered with small punctation (distance between punctures equal to 0.5-1.5× diameter of one puncture), and apparently with secondary micropunctation. Metepisterna long and narrow, with almost straight lateral margins.

Discussion
The preservation state and completeness of the Baltic amber inclusions can differ significantly from one specimen to the next. Damage that results in the distortion and loss of body parts is the most relevant for the current study, and this form of damage can have important implications for descriptions of fossil species based on amber inclusions. This type of damage can occur at different points in the taphonomic history of each specimen, and it has three main causes that could be loosely grouped into the following categories.
1. Pre-or perimortem damages (during or prior to entrapment in natural resin) damages include a loss of appendages during life, or a fall into fresh resin of a dead or damaged specimen. Sometimes, appendage losses can occur during entrapment of a living insect in resin, due to its struggle for release.
2. Postmortem damages (after entrapping, during the polymerization of resin and subsequent transformation of resin to copal) include distortions of external 3-D morphology and changes of body proportions. This type of damage is less typical among Baltic amber inclusions and can usually be found in insects with a soft body cuticle only. The dehydration of the insect body entrapped in resin leads to decrease in the volume of liquid within body and, in the case of a pliable cuticle, to compression of the body. In specimens where the sclerites are loosely bound to one another (e.g., cast exuviae and dried bod-ies), resin flows prior to polymerization may also scatter some of the body parts.
3. Post-extraction damages (breakage, deterioration, and alteration of amber outside of its original anoxic sediments) are usually slow weathering or oxidation processes in natural settings, or extremely rapid anthropogenic changes during extraction, treatment, and processing of amber. Extraction damage of inclusions can be especially evident after mechanical treatments (e.g., loss of body parts during amber cutting and polishing); autoclave processing of samples can have equally deleterious effects -according to Hoffeins (2012), this processing can lead to fragmentation of cuticle, disconnection of body segments, compression and shrinking of body parts, thermal degradation of cuticle, and black discoloration.
The specimen under study represents the comparatively rare (especially among well-sclerotized imago of Coleoptera) postmortem distortion. The specimen is complete but almost disconnected along its head-prothorax and pro-mesothorax articulations. The integument is dorsoventrally compressed and partially translucent but at the same time not black or artificially darkened. We interpret this combination of preservational features as the result of resin trapping the beetle within its imaginal stage, just after the final pupal ecdysis. The exoskeleton was not completely hardened but was somewhat soft and pliable. A single occurrence of such a juvenile imago in amber should be considered a rare occurrence, but future collections of similar material should be examined to see if this form of preservation occurs repeatedly. If it is a repetitive occurrence, the phenomenon might suggest a close ecological association between the resin-producing trees and a particular beetle species, or it may provide evidence of fresh resin attracting this species.