New shell information and new generic attributions for the Egyptian podocnemidid turtles “Podocnemis” fajumensis (Oligocene) and “Podocnemis” aegyptiaca (Miocene)

The early Oligocene “Podocnemis” fajumensis and the early Miocene “Podocnemis” aegyptiaca are two podocnemidid turtles from northern Egypt, defined more than a century ago. Their identification as representatives of the South American genus Podocnemis cannot currently be supported. Relatively limited information on both species was available. In fact, no photograph on the shell of either of them has been published so far, and the type material of both is currently lost. Shell remains of almost 15 specimens of “Podocnemis” fajumensis are analyzed here, including a complete carapace and two complete plastra. A neotype is designated here for the species. An artificial mold of the holotype of “Podocnemis” aegyptiaca is identified, corresponding to its holoplastotype. Both “Podocnemis” fajumensis and “Podocnemis” aegyptiaca are confirmed as valid species, attributable to Erymnochelyini, a clade currently exclusively represented by the Malagasy Erymnochelys madagascariensis. A new diagnosis is proposed for each of these extinct species, including both autapomorphies and a unique combination of characters. They are attributed to two new genera, corresponding to the oldest defined for the African record of Erymnochelyini. Thus, the new combinations Shetwemys fajumensis (http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ B4805343-8533-4DA7-808B-BB972D4471CB, urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:B4805343-8533-4DA7808B-BB972D4471CB) and Apeshemys aegyptiaca (http://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/ 43DD73CF-AAED-47A0-9FFB-EB6CFB80D389, urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:43DD73CF-AAED-47A0-9FFBEB6CFB80D389) are proposed.


Introduction
Podocnemis Wagler, 1830 is a genus of pleurodiran turtles exclusive to the northern area of South America, where it is recognized by six extant species (i.e., Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger, 1812), Podocnemis erythrocephala (von Spix, 1824), Podocnemis unifilis Troschel, 1848, Podocnemis sextuberculata Cornalia, 1849, Podocnemis lewyana Duméril, 1852, and Podocnemis vogli Müller, 1935 (Rhodin et al., 2017), as well as by an extinct form, the Peruvian Podocnemis bassleri Williams, 1956, probably from the late Miocene (see Gaffney et al., 2011, and references therein). Podocnemis was the first defined genus of the diverse clade Podocnemididae. In fact, this genus was used as a wastebasket taxon, so that several American extant (e.g., the podocnemidid Peltocephalus dumerilianus (Schweigger, 1812), recognized as a representative of Podocnemis by Siebenrock (1902)) and extinct species (e.g., the members of Bothremydidae Chedighaii barberi (Schmidt, 1940), from the Late Cretaceous of United States, and Motelomama olssoni (Schmidt 1931), from the early Eocene of Peru; those of Podocnemididae Bauruemys elegans (Suárez, 1969), from the Late Cretaceous of Brazil, and Bairdemys venezuelensis (Wood and Díaz de Gamero, 1971), from the late Miocene of Venezuela; all of them identified as belonging to Podocnemis when they were defined), currently recognized as belonging to other genera of Podocnemididae and even to forms not corresponding to this clade, were attributed to it.
The putative identification of the genus Podocnemis was also reported outside the American continent, through several species. One of the main regions where several extinct species were originally defined as members of Podocnemis was Africa. Thus, the bothremydid Taphrosphys congolensis Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin.

248
A. Pérez-García: New shell information and new generic attributions for Egyptian podocnemidid turtles (Dollo, 1913), from the middle to upper Paleocene of Angola, was originally established as a representative of Podocnemis (see Pérez-García et al., 2020); the poorly known "Podocnemis" somaliensis Walker, 1966, from the middle Eocene of Somalia, is currently identified as a member of Bothremydidae, of uncertain generic assignment, rather than being recognized as a podocnemidid (see Gaffney et al., 2006). The podocnemidid Cordichelys antiqua (Andrews, 1903), from the late Eocene of Egypt, was originally defined as a member of Podocnemis; "Podocnemis stromeri" von Reinach, 1903a, from the same locality and age, is currently recognized as a junior synonym of it (see Gaffney et al., 2011, and references therein). The pocnemidids "Podocnemis" podocnemoides Reinach, 1903b, from the late Eocene of Egypt, and "Podocnemis" bramlyi Fourteau, 1920, from the early Miocene of Egypt, are poorly known forms, not attributable to the genus Podocnemis and considered in some recent works as nomina dubia (see Gaffney et al., 2011). The putative identification of some African species as attributable to Podocnemis not only affected extinct taxa. Thus, the extant Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Grandidier, 1867), which is the only representative of Erymnochelyini (Erymnochelyinae, Podocnemididae) that is part of the current biodiversity (Pérez-García et al., 2021), was also considered attributable to Podocnemis (Boettger, 1893;Dacqué, 1912).
Two extinct African species of Erymnochelyini were also defined as representatives of Podocnemis, but they are currently recognized as not attributable to any defined genus (Pérez-García and de Lapparent de Broin, 2015;. One of them is "Podocnemis" fajumensis Andrews, 1903, from the early Oligocene of Egypt, now identified as the senior synonym of "Podocnemis blanckenhorni" Reinach, 1903b. "Podocnemis" fajumensis is recognized both for abundant shell remains and for several wellpreserved skulls. Although Gaffney et al. (2011) considered that it could belong to a member of the European Eocene genus Neochelys Bergounioux, 1954, this hypothesis was subsequently refuted (see Pérez-García and de Lapparent de Broin, 2015). Thus, its attribution to Erymnochelyini, proposed by Lapparent de Broin (2000), was confirmed, but the definition of a new genus for it has not been carried out so far (Pérez-García and de Lapparent de Broin, 2015;, 2021. The second species is "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca Andrews, 1900, from the early Miocene of Egypt. Although this species appears to be valid, both the shell by which it was defined (see Andrews, 1900) and a second shell indisputably attributable to it -which allows confirmation of the unique morphology of the vertebral scutes of this taxon (see Fourteau, 1920) -are currently considered lost (see Gaffney et al., 2011). The graphic information available up to now on these remains has been very limited, being exclusively based on drawings (see plate 1 in Andrews, 1900, fig. 21 in Fourteau, 1920, but not on photographs. Therefore, the characters used for its characterization could not be confirmed, and relevant anatomical regions for the comparison between the shells of the members of Erymnochelyini (e.g., the visceral region of the anterior plastral lobe), preserved but not figured for the specimen used to define this species, were hitherto unknown.
Although the presence of Erymnochelyini is known in the African record from the Upper Cretaceous (Gaffney and Forster, 2003;, 2021, no genus of this lineage has been established on that continent at levels older than the latest Miocene (see fig. 1 in . A cast of the shell by which Andrews (1900) defined the species "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca has been identified in the Natural History Museum (London) and is analyzed here. The first-hand study of abundant postcranial remains of "Podocnemis" fajumensis, deposited in various European and North American institutions, is also carried out. These specimens correspond to those previously known as well as to several unpublished. Thus, the shells of both taxa are figured in detail, and their characters are here compared with those of the other members of Erymnochelyini, a lineage for which information on the shell has markedly improved in recent years , 2021Pérez-García and Chapman, 2017;Pérez-García and Smith, 2017;Georgalis et al., 2020). Both "Podocnemis" fajumensis and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca are confirmed here as two valid species, corresponding to Erymnochelyini. The diagnoses of both taxa are amended, considering the current knowledge about the members of this group and incorporating character states hitherto not considered for these species. As a consequence, two new genera of Erymnochelyini are defined, corresponding to the oldest in the African record.

Etymology
This generic name is composed of the prefix Shetw-(ancient Egyptian), meaning turtle, and the suffix -emys (Greek), referring to freshwater turtle.

Distribution
Early Oligocene of the Fayum Depression (Egypt).

Diagnosis
As for the type and only known species.
Shetwemys fajumensis (Andrews, 1903) comb. nov. Type material Andrews (1903) figured, by a schematic drawing (see Fig. 3d, as well as fig. 2C in plate 8 of Andrews, 1903), the anterior lobe of an individual that he identified as the type specimen. It is currently lost. Therefore, a neotype is designated here, also corresponding to an anterior plastral lobe: AMNH 5086 ( Fig. 1a-b; see also fig. 86B in Gaffney et al., 2011, corresponding to a partial drawing of its ventral view).
Other specimens attributed to this taxon AMNH 5087, carapace and partial plastron (  Gaffney et al., 2011). Furthermore, Gaffney et al. (2011) cited other specimens as attributable to this species, but they remain unpublished (their attribution to this taxon should be confirmed by their study and figuration). They correspond to complete and partial shells (

Diagnosis
Member of the lineage of Podocnemididae Erymnochelyini considering the medial contact of the extragulars, posteriorly to the reduced gular that they frame. It is defined by the following characters recognized as exclusive within this clade: thickening in the visceral plastral area, close to the hypoxiphiplastral sutures; broad dorsal expansion of the plastral scutes; anteriorly directed and well-developed medial protrusion in the prefrontals-frontals suture. It shows the following unique combination of characters: absence of carapacial medial keel; six neurals; medial contact of the sixth to eighth pairs of costals; heptagonal first vertebral, with short latero-anterior margins, and wider than the nuchal; subequal width of the second and third vertebrals, with substraight lateral margins, their maximum width being located at the interpleural sulci level; first pair of marginals overlapping on half of the nuchal lateral margins; anal length along the lateral xiphiplastral margin less than 2 times that of the femorals; absence of premaxillary beak; snout length greater than half the orbit length; interorbital width less than the orbital length; suborbital height less than that of the orbit; high cheek emargination, exceeding the ventral orbital margin; convex interparietal anterior margin, located on the frontals.

Etymology
This generic name is composed of the prefix Apesh-, an Egyptian turtle-headed god associated with the darkness, and the suffix -emys (Greek), referring to freshwater turtle.

Type locality and horizon
Moghra Oasis, Qattara Depression, Matruh Governorate, northern Egypt. Moghra Formation, early Miocene (Burdi-     Fourteau (1920). It is important to point out that some details of this drawing were erroneous, such as the low number of peripherals. galian) (Andrews, 1900;Gaffney et al., 2011;.

Distribution
Early Miocene of the Qattara Depression, Egypt.

Diagnosis
As for the type and only known species.

Other specimens attributed to this taxon
Despite the fact that Andrews (1900) and Fourteau (1920) alluded to the presence of more specimens attributable to this species, from the type locality and area, only a second shell belonging to it has so far been analyzed and figured, by schematic drawings (see Figs. 4d, 6e; fig. 21 of Fourteau, 1920). This specimen is currently lost. Some specimens found there in 1900 and deposited in the NHMUK are compatible with this species, being recognized here as cf. Apeshemys aegyptiaca: an almost complete third right costal, showing a sinuous margin of the third vertebral, compatible with the lateral rounded protrusion that characterizes the third vertebral of this species (see Diagnosis) (NHMUK R2961; Fig. 7a-b); a partial and articulated anterior plastral lobe, in which the medial contact of the extragulars is recognized, which represents an exclusive character for Erymnochelyini within Podocnemididae (see Discussion), this group being exclusively known by Apeshemys aegyptiaca in the early Miocene record (NHMUK R2960; Fig. 7c-

256
A. Pérez-García: New shell information and new generic attributions for Egyptian podocnemidid turtles d), and sharing with this species the presence of a narrow dorsal expansion of the pectoral scutes (see Diagnosis).

Diagnosis
Member of the lineage of Podocnemididae Erymnochelyini considering the medial contact of the extragulars, posteriorly to the reduced gular that they frame. It is defined by the following characters recognized as exclusive within this clade: second vertebral markedly wider than the third one; lateral rounded protrusions in the second and third vertebrals, anterior to the inter-pleural sulci. It shows the following unique combination of characters: absence of carapacial medial keel; six neurals; medial contact of the sixth to eighth pairs of costals; heptagonal first vertebral, with short lateroanterior margins, and wider than the nuchal; first pair of marginals overlapping on half of the nuchal lateral margins; absence of extragular protrusions; narrow dorsal expansion of the plastral scutes; anal length along the lateral xiphiplastral margin less than 2 times that of the femorals.

Discussion
The medial contact of the extragulars, posteriorly to the reduced gular that they frame, represents a synapomorphy shared by the members of the lineage of Podocnemididae Erymnochelyini, which allowed the attribution of the early Oligocene "Podocnemis" fajumensis and the early Miocene "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca to it (see Pérez-García et al., 2021, and references therein). In addition to these two taxa, attributed here to the oldest genera of Erymnochelyini defined for the African record and the only ones identified in Egypt, this lineage is represented by three species of the European Eocene genus Eocenochelus Pérez-García, Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga, 2017 (i.e., the lower Eocene Eocenochelus lacombiana Pérez-García, Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga, 2017, the middle Eocene Eocenochelus eremberti (Broin, 1977), and the upper Eocene Eocenochelus farresi Pérez-García, Lapparent de Broin and Murelaga, 2017), as well as by three other African representatives: Kenyemys williamsi Wood, 1983 andTurkanemys pattersoni Wood, 2003, defined in the late Miocene of Kenya, and the extant Erymnochelys madagascariensis (Pérez-García et al., 2017) (Fig. 8). This group, of African origin, is known from the Upper Cretaceous record, having been recorded, for that geological epoch, by fragmentary remains from Niger, Sudan, and Madagascar (Lapparent de Broin, 2000). Its African record is relatively continuous from the Oligocene to the present, having been reported for all geological epochs (see Pérez-García et al., 2017, and references therein). A hitherto unpublished specimen from the lower or middle Eocene of Mali (oolitic limestone of the Tamaguélelt Formation; see O'Leary et al., 2019), corresponding to an isolated entoplastron that shares the above indicated Erymnochelyini synapomorphy (see Fig. 9), allows here filling in the gap for the African record of this lineage that existed between the Late Cretaceous and the Oligocene.
The shell of all so far defined representatives of Erymnochelyini is known. Those of "Podocnemis" fajumensis and "Podocnemis" aegyptiaca show both autapomorphies and a unique combination of characters for each of them, which allows confirming the validity of both species (see Table 1). Thus, the new combinations Shetwemys fajumensis (Andrews, 1903) and Apeshemys aegyptiaca (Andrews, 1900) are proposed here.
Shetwemys fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca lack the medial keel present in the carapace of K. williamsi and in some specimens of T. pattersoni (Figs. 2a, g; 5a-b). Shetwemys fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca share the presence of six neurals with all representatives of Erymnochelyini except with Eo. eremberti and Eo. lacombiana, whose neural series are composed of seven plates d). The contact between the sixth, seventh and eighth pairs of costals observed in S. fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca is shared with the other representatives of Erymnochelyini except with Eo. eremberti, Eo. lacombiana and K. williamsi, in which only the last two pairs of costals have a medial contact (Figs. 2ab,5d). The presence of very short distal margins of the seventh costals, more than 2 times shorter than those of the eighth ones, is not shared with either of the two species analyzed here (Figs. 2a; 5d), representing an autapomorphy of T. pattersoni.
Shetwemys fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca share with almost all the representatives of Erymnochelyini the presence of a heptagonal first vertebral, with short latero-anterior margins, this scute being wider than the nuchal plate (Figs. 2a;3a,5b,d). Only K. williamsi does not share these characters, its first vertebral being narrower and pentagonal. The presence of a second vertebral markedly wider than the third one is unique to A. aegyptiaca within Erymnochelyini ( Fig. 5ab, d). Furthermore, the markedly sinuous morphology of the margin of those scutes with the adjacent pleurals, as well as the presence of lateral rounded protrusions in those vertebrals, located anterior to the inter-pleural sulci, is also unique to this species. The presence of an overlap of the first pair of marginals on about half of the length of the nuchal lateral margins, observed in S. fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca (Figs. 2a;3a;5d), is shared with the other representatives of Erymnochelyini except for K. williamsi, which shows a much greater overlap.
The presence of well-developed extragular protrusions in some specimens of S. fajumensis is shared with K. williamsi (Figs. 1a-b, 4c-d). These structures have not been identified in other specimens of S. fajumensis or in any other species of Erymnochelyini (Figs. 3e-f, h-i; 4a-b, e-f, g-j; 6a-c, e). The presence of a marked increase in thickness in the visceral region of the plastron of S. fajumensis, in the contact region between the hypoplastra and the xiphiplastra, is not shared with any other member of Erymnochelyini (Fig. 3g). Costal 7 distal margin Less than 2 times shorter than costal 8 Less than 2 times shorter than costal 8 Less than 2 times shorter than costal 8 Less than 2 times shorter than costal 8 More than 2 times shorter than costal 8 Less than 2 times shorter than costal 8 Vertebral 1 Heptagonal and wider  The length of the gular scute has been used to characterize some members of Erymnochelyini, being identified as relatively long (i.e., reaching the anterior margin of the entoplastron or overlying the anterior region of this plate) in Eocenochelus sp., but relatively short (i.e., not reaching that plate) in K. williamsi and Er. madagascariensis . However, these two character states are observed here as forming part of the intraspecific variability of both S. fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca (Figs. 1a;3e,h;4a,c,g,i;e), as occurs for T. pattersoni (Pérez-García et  al., 2017). The presence of relatively short anal scutes in S. fajumensis and A. aegyptiaca, less than 2 times the femoral length along the lateral xiphiplastral margin, is shared with Eocenochelus spp. but not with K. williamsi, T. pattersoni and Er. madagascariensis (Figs. 3e,h;4n;. Shetwemys fajumensis differs from all other members of Erymnochelyini due to the presence of a broad dorsal expansion of the plastral scutes (Figs. 1b;3f,i;4b,d,f,h,j,m).
Only the skull of some representatives of Erymnochelyini is known. In addition to S. fajumensis, they are Eo. eremberti, T. pattersoni and Er. madagascariensis. As with the shell, the character combination recognized for the skull of S. fajumensis is identified as exclusive for this species (see Table 2; figs. 42-46 in Gaffney et al., 2011).
The absence of premaxillary beak in S. fajumensis is shared with Eo. eremberti and T. pattersoni, but not with Er. madagascariensis. Shetwemys fajumensis shares with T. pattersoni and Er. madagascariensis, but not with Eo. eremberti, the presence of a snout length greater than half the length of the orbits. The presence of an anteriorly directed and well-260 A. Pérez-García: New shell information and new generic attributions for Egyptian podocnemidid turtles developed medial protrusion in the suture between the prefrontals and the frontals of S. fajumensis is not present in any other member of Erymnochelyini. The width of the interorbital space less than the maximum length of the orbits is shared between S. fajumensis, T. pattersoni and Er. madagascariensis, differing from the condition in Eo. eremberti. A height of the orbits markedly higher than that of the maxilla below them is present in S. fajumensis and T. pattersoni, but not in Eo. eremberti and Er. madagascariensis. The presence of a high cheek emargination in S. fajumensis and T. pattersoni, exceeding the ventral margin of the orbit, contrasts with its lesser development in Er. madagascariensis and, especially, with the absence of this structure in Eo. eremberti. A convex anterior margin of the interparietal scute is shared between S. fajumensis, T. pattersoni and Er. madagascariensis, contrasting with the medial concavity present in that of Eo. eremberti. In fact, the interparietal scute of Eo. eremberti is the only one that does not reach the frontals, those of the other taxa overlapping the posterior region of these bones.
Although several shell remains attributable to "Podocnemis" fajumensis were referred to in the literature, no photograph had been published so far. In fact, its holotype, corresponding to an anterior plastral lobe, was exclusively known through a schematic drawing. That specimen is currently identified as lost. A neotype is designated here for the species. Numerous shell remains of "Podocnemis" fajumensis, most of them corresponding to articulated elements (including a complete carapace and two complete plastra), are figured here in detail. Their study allows characterization of the complete anatomy of the shell of this taxon. The information on this anatomical region, together with that previously published on its skull, allows me to propose a new diagnosis for this taxon, in which a unique combination of characters, as well as autapomorphies, are considered. The attribution of "Podocnemis" fajumensis to the genus Podocnemis is not currently accepted, this genus being restricted to the northern area of South America. The genus Shetwemys is defined here, the new combination Shetwemys fajumensis being proposed.
"Podocnemis" aegyptiaca was considered a problematic taxon. This was because both the shell corresponding to its holotype and a second shell attributable to it, also represented by a schematic drawing published more than a century ago, are missing. A cast of its holotype has been found and is analyzed here, being identified as its holoplastotype. Its analysis allows me to confirm the characters used to recognize these specimens from the early Miocene of Egypt as attributable to a valid new species. In fact, the study of this specimen allows characterization of this taxon with more precision, a new diagnosis being proposed, in which both autapomorphies and an exclusive combination of characters are considered. The new genus Apeshemys is defined for this putative species of Podocnemis, the new combination Apeshemys aegyptiaca being proposed. The attribution of other unpublished specimens from its type locality and horizon to cf. Apeshemys aegyptiaca, also found more than a century ago, is performed.
The new Shetwemys and Apeshemys correspond to the two oldest genera of Erymnochelyini defined for the African record. Shetwemys fajumensis and Apeshemys aegyptiaca are the only members of this lineage identified in Egypt.
Data availability. No data sets were used in this article.
Competing interests. The contact author has declared that there are no competing interests.
Disclaimer. Publisher's note: Copernicus Publications remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.