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the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
| 21 Aug 2018
A new genus of fungus weevils (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) in Rovno amber
Andrei A. Legalov
Vitaliy Y. Nazarenko
Evgeny E. Perkovsky
New fungus weevils, Eduardoxenus unicus (ZooBank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5732 BC85-9148-4FE5-A4F6-46847BA0138D, urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act:4D3B3EA8-AE0E-4E6D-A770-B427AC19ED03) Legalov, Nazarenko et Perkovsky, gen. et sp. nov. (Coleoptera: Anthribidae), are described from late Eocene Rovno amber. The new genus is similar to the genus Cyptoxenus Valentine, 1982, but differs in coarsely faceted eyes, antennomere 2 shorter than antennomere 1 and an almost glabrous body. It differs from the genus Valenfriesia Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 1999 in the coarsely faceted eyes, almost straight transversal carina on the pronotum and distinct elytral humeri, and it differs from the genus Neoxenus Valentine, 1999 in distinct lateral carina on the pronotum, coarsely faceted eyes and almost straight transversal pronotal carina. This fossil fungus weevil is the oldest finding of the tribe Valenfriesiini in fossil state and the first record of the Choraginae from the Eocene amber. The palaeogeographical and palaeoclimatological importance of finding Valenfriesiini in Rovno amber is discussed.
Fungus weevils are a very diverse group of primitive weevils closely related to the family Nemonychidae and adapted to development in rotting wood or in seeds. More than 3800 species in more than 380 genera are known (Rheinheimer, 2004; Mermudes and Leschen, 2014). The oldest Anthribidae, the extinct Juranthribinae and Protoscelinae, date from the border of the Middle and Upper Jurassic (Legalov, 2011, 2013b). Urodontinae is the isolated extant subfamily with a centre of diversity in South Africa but is also distributed in tropical Africa, North Africa and Eurasia (Louw, 1993). An un-described species of this subfamily is recorded from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hieke and Pietrzeniuk, 1984). Most species and supraspecific taxa of Anthribidae belong to the subfamily Anthribinae, which is recorded from the middle Cretaceous of the Russian Far East (Zherikhin, 1993; Legalov, 2013b; Nadein and Perkovsky, 2018). The Choraginae subfamily is widely distributed throughout the world but is much poorer in species. The earliest find of the Choraginae is known from the Early Cretaceous of Spain (Soriano et al., 2006). Several species of this subfamily were described from the Miocene Dominican amber (Poinar Jr. and Legalov, 2016). The Choraginae were not known earlier from the Eocene European amber (Legalov, 2015). In this paper, we describe a new genus with a new species belonging to the tribe Valenfriesiini.
The specimen was obtained from quarry “Pugach” (Klesov, Rovno region) (Perkovsky et al., 2010); the amber sample was small (1.1 g after primary treatment); no syninclusions were found. Rovno amber (Late Eocene) comprises succinite, as well as famous Baltic amber (Perkovsky et al., 2010; Belles and Perkovsky, 2016). The botanical origin of succinite is highly controversial (Seyfullah et al., 2018).
The amber piece with inclusion is deposited in the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev (SIZK), amber collection.
The morphological terminology used in this paper follows Lawrence et al. (2010).
Figure 1Eduardoxenus unicus gen. et sp. nov.: (a) body, ventral view; (b) body, dorsal view. Bar = 0.5 mm.
Family Anthribidae Billberg, 1820
Subfamily Choraginae W. Kirby, 1819
Tribe Valenfriesiini Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 1999
Genus Eduardoxenus gen. nov.
Type species Eduardoxenus unicus sp. nov.
Etymology: The genus is named after the father of the last
author.
Diagnosis: Body
is
almost glabrous; rostrum short, without carina; labrum free; mandibles longer
than rostrum; rostral pleurostomal sinus deep; eyes large, coarsely faceted;
antennal scrobes foveiform; antennae inserted anterodorsally, not geniculate;
transverse dorsal pronotal carina antebasal, almost straight; lateral carina
long, almost reaching apical margin of pronotum; elytra convex; greatest
width at middle; humeri distinct; striae regular; elytral intervals
flattened, wide; epipleuron distinct; pygidium concealed by elytra; femora
weakly clavate; tibiae almost straight, without apical spurs; tarsomeres 1–3
with pulvilli on the underside; tarsomere 2 embracing tarsomere 3 laterally;
tarsomere 3 bilobed; tarsal claws with large teeth at base.
Comparison: The new genus is similar
to the genus Cyptoxenus Valentine, 1982 but differs from it in
coarsely faceted eyes, antennomere 2 shorter than antennomere 1 and an almost
glabrous body. It differs from the genus Valenfriesia
Alonso-Zarazaga et Lyal, 1999 in the coarsely faceted eyes, almost straight
transversal carina on the pronotum and distinct elytral humeri. It differs from the
genus Neoxenus Valentine, 1999 in distinct lateral carina on the
pronotum, coarsely faceted eyes and an almost straight transversal pronotal
carina.
Figure 2Eduardoxenus unicus gen. et sp. nov.: (a) body, lateral view; (b) first half of body. Bar = 0.2 mm.
Remarks: The tarsomere 2 embraces tarsomere 3 laterally, labrum free, rostral pleurostomal sinus deep, pygidium present, tibiae lacking spurs, suggest placement of new genus in the family Anthribidae. The antennae inserted dorsally next to lower portion of eyes suggest placement in the subfamily Choraginae. Placement of this genus in the tribe Valenfriesiini is based on the pronotum with transverse carina, transverse pronotal carina antebasal and elytral intervals flattened.
Eduardoxenus unicus sp. nov.
Figs. 1–4.
Figure 3Eduardoxenus unicus gen. et sp. nov.: (a) contour of body, ventral view; (b) contour of body, dorsal view. Bar = 0.5 mm.
Etymology: The
specific epithet is from the Latin “unicus” (only, sole,
single).
Holotype:
SIZK K-25439, Klesov, Rovno amber, late Eocene.
Type locality: Klesov.
Description: Size: length of
body (without rostrum), 1.4 mm; length of rostrum, 0.2 mm. Body, black,
covered with sparse short hairs, appears silvery shiny due to presence of
cavities between specimen and internal surface of its impression.
Head: about 1.8 times as long as rostrum; rostrum moderately short,
about 0.6 times as long as it is wide at the apex and middle, about 0.5 times as long
as it is wide at the base, about 0.3 times as long as the pronotum, straight, densely
punctate, without dorsal median carina; labrum free, almost wide-rectangular;
mandibles large; rostral pleurostomal sinus deep; forehead wide, about 1.1
times as wide as the rostrum base width; eyes large, convex, about 1.4 times as
long as they are wide, with 9–10 rows of facets perpendicular to maximum length;
vertex weakly flattened, finely punctate; temples moderately short; antennal
scrobes foveiform; antennae inserted next to the lower portion of eyes dorsally,
not geniculate, moderately long, reach elytral humeri; antennomeres 1–8
conical; antennomere 1 about 2.5 times as long as it is wide; antennomere 2 about
1.9 times as long as it is wide, 0.7 times as long as and 0.9 times as wide as
antennomere 1; antennomere 3 about 3.3 times as long as it is wide, 0.8 times as
long as and 0.4 times as wide as antennomere 2; antennomere 4 about 2.4 times
as long as it is wide, 0.6 times as long as and 0.8 times as wide as antennomere 3;
antennomeres 3 and 4 subequal in length; antennomere 5 about 3.0 times as
long as it is wide, 0.8 times as wide as antennomere 4; antennomeres 5 and 6
subequal in width; antennomere 6 about 2.5 times as long as it is wide, 0.8 times as
long as antennomere 5; antennomere 8 about 2.0 times as long as it is wide; club
not compact; antennomere 9 conical, about 1.8 times as long as it is wide, 1.4
times as long as and 1.6 times as wide as antennomere 8; antennomere 10 about
1.8 times as long as it is wide, 1.3 times as long as and 1.3 times as wide as
antennomere 9; antennomere 11 drop-shaped, subequal in length and wide to
antennomere 10. Pronotum: bell-shaped; disk weakly flattened,
densely and rugosely punctate; transverse dorsal pronotal carina antebasal,
almost straight; distance between transverse carina and base of pronotum 0.3
times as long as the pronotum; lateral carina long, almost reaching apical margin
of pronotum. Mesonotum: scutellum small, almost semicircular, lays
in the pentagonal scutellar groove. Elytra: distinctly convex, about 2.5
times as long as the pronotum; greatest width in the middle, lacking scutellar
striole; elytron without tubercles; humeri weakly convex; striae regular and
distinct; strial punctures quite small, rounded, sparse; elytral intervals
flattened, wide, about 1.5–2.0 times as wide as the striae, sparsely and finely
punctate; covered with sparse short thin sub-recumbent setae arranged in
irregular rows on interstriae, slightly shorter and thinner setae on the
borders of strial punctures; epipleuron distinct. Thorax: coarsely
punctate; pre- and postcoxal portions of prosternum short; procoxal cavities
narrowly separated; mesocoxal cavities rounded, narrowly separated;
metanepisternum narrow, 9.8 times as long as it is wide in the middle. Metaventrite
about 3.1 times as long as the metacoxal cavity length. Abdomen: convex,
weakly flattened in middle; ventrite 1 about 1.6 times as long as the length of
metacoxal cavities; ventrite 2 about 0.9 times as long as the length of ventrite
1; ventrite 3 about 0.9 times as long as the length of ventrite 2; ventrite 4
about 0.7 times as long as the length of ventrite 3; ventrite 5 about 1.8 times
as long as the length of ventrite 4; pygidium concealed by elytra.
Legs: long; pro- and mesocoxae round; metacoxae transverse; femora
weakly clavate, without teeth; profemora about 2.2 times as long as they are wide;
metafemora about 2.6 times as long as they are wide; tibiae almost straight, without
apical spurs; protibiae about 6.9 times as long as they are wide in the middle; mesotibiae
about 8.7 times as long as they are wide at the middle; metatibiae about 11.5 times as
long as they are wide at the middle; tarsi long; tarsomeres 1–3 with pulvilli
on the
underside; tarsomeres 1–3 conical; tarsomere 2 embracing tarsomere 3
laterally; tarsomere 3 bilobed; tarsomere 4 short; tarsomere 5 elongate;
tarsal claws divergent, with large teeth at base; protarsi: tarsomere 1 about
1.7 times as long as it is wide; tarsomere 2 about 1.4 times as long as it is wide, 1.1
times as long as and 1.3 times as wide as tarsomere 1; tarsomere 3 about 1.3
times as long as it is wide, 0.6 times as long as and 0.7 times as wide as
tarsomere 2; tarsomere 5 about 7.0 times as long as it is wide, 2.6 times as long
as and 0.5 times as wide as tarsomere 3; mesotarsi: tarsomere 1 about 2.2
times as long as it is wide; tarsomere 2 about 1.6 times as long as it is wide, 1.1 times
as long as and 1.5 times as wide as tarsomere 1; tarsomere 3 about 1.1 times
as long as it is wide, 0.6 times as long as and 0.9 times as wide as tarsomere 2;
tarsomere 5 about 4.8 times as long as it is wide, 2.1 times as long as and 0.5
times as wide as tarsomere 3.
Figure 4Eduardoxenus unicus gen. et sp. nov.: (a) contour of body, lateral view; (b) contour of first half of body. Bar = 0.2 mm.
The family Anthribidae is not known from Palaeocene deposits but is well represented in the Eocene faunas. The American Eocene faunas of the Green River (early–mid-Eocene) and Florissant (terminal Eocene) are largely similar and contain the tribes Cratoparini, Tropiderini, Anthribini, Discotenini, Ecelonerini and Zygaenodini (Legalov, 2015, 2018; Kirejtshuk et al., 2018). The tribes Allandrini and Zygaenodini with predominance of the genus Glaesotropis Gratshev et Zherikhin, 1995 (Zygaenodini) are presented in the Baltic and Rovno ambers (Gratshev and Zherikhin, 1995; Gratshev and Perkovsky, 2008; Legalov, 2012, 2013a, 2015; Kirejtshuk et al., 2018). A total of 18 species from the eight genera of the tribes Cratoparini, Platystomini, Eugonini, Piesocorynini, Choragini and Valenfriesiini were described from Miocene Dominican and Mexican ambers (Poinar Jr. and Legalov, 2016). The Paleogene representatives of the subfamily Choraginae were known from the Eocene of the USA (Green River: Scudder, 1890) and the Oligocene of Germany (Rott: Heyden and Heyden, 1866). The species from tribes Choragini and Valenfriesiini were found in the Dominican amber. The new genus is the oldest finding of the tribe Valenfriesiini in fossil state and the first record of the Choraginae from Eocene ambers.
Valenfriesiini are distributed almost exclusively in the tropics, more abundant on Saint Helena and the Antilles, and known in Holarctic region only from Japan, Kuril Islands, central Taiwan and Texas. Most of the records of Valenfriesiini are associated with non-Holarctic vegetation. The tropical elements in the late Eocene floras of Volyn' Elevation (of the same age as the Rovno amber forest) are distinctly poorer than we previously supposed (Perkovsky et al., 2010), although they are more abundant than in the Baltic amber forest (Sokoloff et al., 2018). In the Rovno amber fauna Valenfriesiini represents the fourth taxon of a suprageneric rank, which is also unknown from the Baltic amber fauna (the rest are the extinct crabronid tribe Protomicroidini, figitid subfamily Eucoilinae Thomson, 1862 and Capniidae stoneflies; Perkovsky et al., 2010; Buffington et al., 2014). At the same time, the taxa of the generic rank unknown from the Baltic amber are quite abundant: only Hymenoptera is represented by 19 genera (Perkovsky, 2018), and this number will increase along with investigation of the Rovno fauna. We can assume that Valenfriesiini belong to the group of taxa for which the southern coast of Subparathetys (Jałoszyński and Perkovsky, 2016) was the northernmost boundary of their geographic range, e.g. the ant genus Fallomyrma Dlussky et Radchenko, 2006, known from the Rovno (type species and three other species), Bitterfeld and Scandinavian ambers (type species) (Perkovsky, 2011; Radchenko and Dlussky, 2018). The climate of the southern coast of Subparathetys was much warmer than that of the Baltic amber forest (Wolfe et al., 2016; Mänd et al., 2018), which determined a much higher share of the tropical elements in the fauna (Perkovsky, 2013, 2016, 2017). Some tropical elements from Bitterfeld and Rovno amber, e.g. Thallisellini (Erotylidae: Languriinae), the Litochropus genus group (Phalacridae) (Lyubarsky and Perkovsky, 2016, 2017) and the extremely thermophilic (Vladimir Ivanov, personal communication, 2013) trichopteran genus Leptocerus Leach, 1815 (Ivanov et al., 2016) are unknown from Baltic amber.
All material included in the paper is accessible in the Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, and all data are included in the description.
AAL produced the figures. VYN produced the photos. AAL, VYN, and EEP prepared the paper and contributed to the editing.
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
We are grateful to Boris A. Korotyaev (Russia: St. Petersburg) and
Pol Limbourg (Belgium: Brussels) for the opportunity to study comparative
material of the family Anthribidae deposited in the Zoological Institute of
the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Institut royal des Sciences
naturelles de Belgique, to Alexandr P. Rasnitsyn (Russia: Moscow) for
discussing the paper, and to Anatoly P. Vlaskin (Ukraine: Rovno) for
polishing the piece of amber.
Edited by:
Torsten Scheyer
Reviewed by: Leonid Friedman and one anonymous
referee
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