Articles | Volume 17, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-69-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-69-2014
© Author(s) 2014. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.
Research article
| 
27 Aug 2014
Research article |
| 27 Aug 2014
The stratigraphic importance of the brontothere (cf. Diplacodon elatus) in the Brennan Basin Member of the Duchesne River Formation of Utah
B. J. Burger
Department of Geology, Utah State University, Uintah Basin Regional Campus 320 North Aggie Blvd. Vernal, UT 84078, USA
L. Tackett II
Department of Geology, Utah State University, Uintah Basin Regional Campus 320 North Aggie Blvd. Vernal, UT 84078, USA
Related subject area
Evolution and phylogeny
The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny
A unique, large-sized stem Odonata (Insecta) found in the early Pennsylvanian of New Brunswick (Canada)
Sheltered preservation in Ordovician trilobites
Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways
†Cretolixon – a remarkable new genus of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespoidea: Rhopalosomatidae) from chemically tested, mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber supports the monophyly of Rhopalosomatinae
The youngest occurrence of embolomeres (Tetrapoda: Anthracosauria) from the Sunjiagou Formation (Lopingian, Permian) of North China
Sampling fossil floras for the study of insect herbivory: how many leaves is enough?
A new species of baenid turtle from the Early Cretaceous Lakota Formation of South Dakota
Quantitative analysis of suture lines in Carboniferous ammonoids
Osseous anomalies of the cryptobranchid Eoscapherpeton asiaticum (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan
Growth patterns, sexual dimorphism, and maturation modeled in Pachypleurosauria from Middle Triassic of central Europe (Diapsida: Sauropterygia)
New information on the Cenomanian bothremydid turtle Algorachelus based on new, well-preserved material from Spain
A case study of developmental palaeontology in Stereosternum tumidum (Mesosauridae, Parareptilia)
Postcrania of large dissorophid temnospondyls from Richards Spur, Oklahoma
Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Foramina in plesiosaur cervical centra indicate a specialized vascular system
The wasp larva's last supper: 100 million years of evolutionary stasis in the larval development of rhopalosomatid wasps (Hymenoptera: Rhopalosomatidae)
The fossil history of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones)
The blueprint of the Amphiesmenoptera – Tarachoptera, a new order of insects from Burmese amber (Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera)
Modeling the physiology of the aquatic temnospondyl Archegosaurus decheni from the early Permian of Germany
Turtle shell bone and osteoderm histology of Mesozoic and Cenozoic stem-trionychian Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae (Cryptodira: Adocusia) from Central Asia, Mongolia, and North America
Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
A new species of Cyclotosaurus (Stereospondyli, Capitosauria) from the Late Triassic of Bielefeld, NW Germany, and the intrarelationships of the genus
New remarkable Late Jurassic teleosts from southern Germany: Ascalaboidae n. fam., its content, morphology, and phylogenetic relationships
New specimen of Cacops woehri indicates differences in the ontogenetic trajectories among cacopine dissorophids
Do tracks yield reliable information on gaits? – Part 1: The case of horses
Rainer R. Schoch
Foss. Rec., 24, 295–319, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-295-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-295-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Eryopids were 2 m large relatives of modern amphibians that formed top predators in the Paleozoic. They are found in aquatic deposits and apparently preyed on fishes. Their life cycle is preserved in a single species, Onchiodon labyrinthicus, from eastern Germany. It existed in a stressed ecosystem, and the broad variation in the studied sample correlates with seasonal fluctuations. Eryopids evolved into increasingly large, heavily built inhabitants of streams and seasonal water bodies.
Olivier Béthoux, Rowan E. Norrad, Matthew R. Stimson, Olivia A. King, Luke F. Allen, Isabelle Deregnaucourt, Steven J. Hinds, Jake H. Lewis, and Jörg W. Schneider
Foss. Rec., 24, 207–221, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-207-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-207-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
A specimen of an extinct relative of damsel- and dragonflies was discovered from ca. 310-million-years-old strata from New Brunswick (Canada). It is composed of an incomplete hindwing belonging to a new species whose wingspan was about 35 cm. Despite its incompleteness, it composes a useful addition to our knowledge of the early evolution of the group, owing to its unique combination of traits.
Oldřich Fatka, Petr Budil, and Petr Kraft
Foss. Rec., 24, 193–205, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-193-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-193-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Sixteen samples contain one to six Ordovician trilobites preserved in the protected space inside of empty cephalopod conchs or under diverse parts of exoskeletons of much larger disarticulated trilobites. Analyses of the level of articulation of trilobites in combination with their orientation, disposition, and placement make it possible to conclude that the hidden trilobites deliberately entered shells of dead cephalopods for food, refuge, ecdysis, reproduction or lodging.
Alan Vincelette
Foss. Rec., 24, 151–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-151-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-24-151-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
This study compares footprints made by modern horses with two fossil trackways. One shows a Pleistocene horse in a gallop of 9 m/s, perhaps fleeing predators or migrating. More intriguing is the trackway of a Miocene horse with diagonal couplets in a gait of 2 m/s. This best matches the artificial gait of the rack/tölt only found in breeds such as the Saddlebred, Icelandic, and Paso, providing more evidence that early horses possessed a greater variety of useful gaits than most modern horses.
Volker Lohrmann, Qi Zhang, Peter Michalik, Jeremy Blaschke, Patrick Müller, Laurent Jeanneau, and Vincent Perrichot
Foss. Rec., 23, 215–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-215-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-215-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
A new mid-Cretaceous rhopalosomatid wasp, Cretolixon alatum Lohrmann gen. et sp. nov., is described from Burmese (Kachin) amber. The new genus has a unique mixture of characters, some of which are only known from the recent brachypterous genus Olixon and others of which are known only from the recent macropterous genera. Thus, Cretolixon not only provides further evidence for the monophyly of the family but also contributes evidence for the monophyly of the Rhopalosomatinae.
Jianye Chen and Jun Liu
Foss. Rec., 23, 205–213, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-205-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-205-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
In this paper, we describe a new species of embolomere from 255-million-year-old fossil beds from northern China. This group of ancient animals is closely related to amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) and was previously thought to have gone extinct around 273 million years ago. The new discovery indicates that North China, with its ancient tropical rain forest, became a last reservoir for these animals right before the end-Permian mass extinction.
Sandra R. Schachat, S. Augusta Maccracken, and Conrad C. Labandeira
Foss. Rec., 23, 15–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-15-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-15-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Insects have been feeding on plants for over 300 million years. The fossil record preserves evidence of this behavior: it is possible to examine a fossilized leaf and see the spots where insects ate it or laid their eggs in it. The study of these insect
traceson leaves shows us how insects have adapted to changing climates. Here, we address the question of how many leaves from a single fossil locality must be examined to permit statistically robust comparisons in deep time.
Walter G. Joyce, Yann Rollot, and Richard L. Cifelli
Foss. Rec., 23, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-1-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-23-1-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
Baenids are a group of fossil turtles with a rich fossil record that spans from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) to Eocene of North America. Only a few fossils are known that document the early evolution of the group. We here describe a new species of baenid, Lakotemys australodakotensis, from the Early Cretaceous (Berriasian to Valanginian) Lakota Formation of South Dakota, USA. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that this is the oldest known baenid turtle.
Michael Wegerer, Kenneth De Baets, and Dieter Korn
Foss. Rec., 21, 223–236, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-223-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-223-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Two morphometric methods are applied for the analysis of suture lines in Early Carboniferous ammonoids: (1) classic metric data using multivariate statistic methods and (2) outline data are analysed using the elliptic Fourier analysis. Both methods lead to similar results and demonstrate ontogenetic and phylogenetic trends in these ammonoids: (1) a general decrease in the amplitude of lobes and saddles, (2) a proportional widening of the external lobe, and (3) a heightening of the median saddle.
Pavel Skutschas, Veniamin Kolchanov, Elizaveta Boitsova, and Ivan Kuzmin
Foss. Rec., 21, 159–169, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-159-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-159-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Paleopathologies among fossil members of modern groups of amphibians are poorly documented. We describe pathologies of the fossil salamander Eoscapherpeton asiaticum from the Late Cretaceous of Uzbekistan. These pathologies can result from trauma, infection from trauma and congenital disorders. The occurrence of several traumatic femoral pathologies in Eoscapherpeton could result from intraspecific aggressive behavior. Bone pathologies are described for the first time in fossil salamanders.
Nicole Klein and Eva Maria Griebeler
Foss. Rec., 21, 137–157, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-137-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-137-2018, 2018
Adán Pérez-García
Foss. Rec., 21, 119–135, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-119-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-119-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
The Spanish Algorachelus peregrinus is the oldest pleurodiran turtle known in the Northern Hemisphere. New material is presented, including several shells. The patterns by which some of them were disarticulated are analyzed. Several pathologies are identified. The knowledge about the anatomy and intraspecific variability is improved. Algorachelus is recognized in the Middle East and North America. The oldest known dispersal event of Pleurodira from Gondwana to Laurasia is characterized.
Constanze Bickelmann and Linda A. Tsuji
Foss. Rec., 21, 109–118, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-109-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-109-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Mesosaurs were reptiles that lived around 280 mya. They were the first land reptile group to return to the water. Study of a fossil from the Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin reveals a previously unobserved baby skeleton near the adult. This small skeleton can tell us about how these creatures grew; the lower segment of the hind limb is already proportionally larger than the upper hind limb and the lower and upper forelimbs. This may be because young mesosaurs needed to swim right from birth.
Bryan M. Gee and Robert R. Reisz
Foss. Rec., 21, 79–91, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-79-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-79-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a description of an extremely well-preserved and articulated skeleton of a temnospondyl amphibian from the early Permian of Oklahoma. Postcranial material is not often well-preserved or well-described in the literature for this group, known as dissorophids, and acquiring new data on this region of the skeleton is important for understanding the evolution of the group. It also represents the first documentation at this site of a genus that was otherwise known only from Texas.
Benjamin Ramassamy, Olivier Lambert, Alberto Collareta, Mario Urbina, and Giovanni Bianucci
Foss. Rec., 21, 11–32, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-11-2018, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-11-2018, 2018
Short summary
Short summary
Extant beaked whales perform deep dives to forage for squids. We studied the morphology of the fossil ziphiid Messapicetus gregarius to evaluate its ability to perform such dives. Our analysis suggests an enlargement of the pterygoid sinus system in deep divers. In M. gregarius, the pterygoid sinus is enlarged, but other lines of evidence indicate that the coastal environment also represented an important part of its home range.
Tanja Wintrich, Martin Scaal, and P. Martin Sander
Foss. Rec., 20, 279–290, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-279-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-279-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Plesiosaurians retain a very long neck but greatly reduce neck flexibility, and the cervicals have large, paired, and highly symmetrical foramina on the ventral side of the centrum, traditionally termed
subcentral foramina, and on the floor of the neural canal. We found that these dorsal and the ventral foramina are connected by a canal. The foramen are not for nutrient transfer; they are the osteological correlates of a highly paedomorphic vascular system in the neck of plesiosaurs.
Volker Lohrmann and Michael S. Engel
Foss. Rec., 20, 239–244, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-239-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-239-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Amber functions as a window into the past, capable of capturing behaviors
frozenfor millions of years. Here, we report on the exceptionally rare discovery of a dinosaur-age larva of a stinging wasp, feeding on its cricket host, in mid-Cretaceous amber from Myanmar. It reveals a considerable constancy in the biology of this particular family over the last 100 million years. The excellent preservation of the larva is remarkable and due solely to the fidelity permitted by inclusion in amber.
Danilo Harms and Jason A. Dunlop
Foss. Rec., 20, 215–238, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-215-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-215-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We review the fossil history of pseudoscorpions (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones), one of the oldest terrestrial lineages with
a fossil record that goes back to the Devonian. Pseudoscorpions do not fossilise easily, and records from the Mesozoic and
Cenozoic consist almost exclusively of amber inclusions. Overall, 16 of the 26 recent families have been documented from
fossils. This is a group of evolutionary stasis and we discuss aspects of palaeobiology, preservation, and ecology.
Wolfram Mey, Wilfried Wichard, Patrick Müller, and Bo Wang
Foss. Rec., 20, 129–145, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-129-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-129-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Based on a total of 14 inclusions from Burmese amber the new, extinct insect order Tarachoptera was established. The new order Tarachoptera is placed in the superorder Amphiesmenoptera. The species of Tarachoptera are tiny insects with a wing span of 2.3–4.5 mm, but are highly specialized according to their aberrant morphology. They lived in the forests of Southeast Asia about 100 million years ago.
Florian Witzmann and Elizabeth Brainerd
Foss. Rec., 20, 105–127, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-105-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-105-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
Based on the estimation of its body mass and metabolic rate, we calculated heat balance, gas exchange, osmoregulation, and digestion of the 290-million-year-old aquatic amphibian Archegosaurus. Our results suggest that its physiology was more fish- than tetrapod-like in many respects. We conducted this study, which is mainly based on theoretical calculations and comparison with extant analogs, to shed light on the physiology and lifestyle of early tetrapods.
Torsten M. Scheyer, Elena V. Syromyatnikova, and Igor G. Danilov
Foss. Rec., 20, 69–85, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-69-2017, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-69-2017, 2017
Short summary
Short summary
We review shell bone microstructures of Adocidae and Nanhsiungchelyidae, two groups of extinct hide-necked turtles related to modern soft-shelled turtles (Trionychidae) and the pig-nosed turtle Carettochelys insculpta (Carettochelyidae). Adocids and nanhsiungchelyids both have a good fossil record in North America and Asia during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic. Our microstructural data supplement previously reported differences in external shell morphology between adocids and nanhsiungchelyids.
Olivier Béthoux, Artémis Llamosi, and Séverine Toussaint
Foss. Rec., 20, 1–7, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-1-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-20-1-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Fossil insects preserved as an imprint on laminae have subtle differences in relief which can be difficult to photograph. Recourse to reflectance transformation imaging allowed us to deliver exhaustive and interactive photographic data for Protelytron permianum. Based on these data we were able ascertain that it is an early relative of earwigs. In order to better appreciate its elaborate hind wing folding mechanism, we provide guidelines to build and operate a paper model.
Florian Witzmann, Sven Sachs, and Christian J. Nyhuis
Foss. Rec., 19, 83–100, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-83-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-83-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, the well-preserved skull of a giant amphibian from the Late Triassic Stuttgart Formation (Schilfsandstein) of Bielefeld-Sieker in NW Germany is described and a new species, Cyclotosaurus buechneri sp. nov., is erected. Cyclotosaurus buechneri represents the only unequivocal evidence of Cyclotosaurus in northern Germany. The amphibian skull was found more than 40 years ago and is well known in Bielefeld and the surrounding areas but has so far never been described.
G. Arratia
Foss. Rec., 19, 31–59, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-31-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-19-31-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Complete morphological descriptions of exceptionally beautifully preserved Late Jurassic fishes from Bavaria (e.g., Ettling and Eichsttät), southern Germany, are provided for a new genus and species, which is endemic of Ettling and for a new family, Ascalaboidae. The new family is only known from marine Upper Jurassic localities of Europe and is interpreted as an extinct and primitive group of Teleostei, which is considered the largest group within osteichthyans (bony fishes).
N. B. Fröbisch, A. Brar, and R. R. Reisz
Foss. Rec., 18, 73–80, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-73-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-18-73-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
Here we describe a large specimen of the Paleozoic dissorophid amphibian Cacops woehri from the Fort Sill locality in Oklahoma, which was previously only known from a partial juvenile skull. The new data show that, in contrast to the closely related species C. morrisi, C. woehri underwent only subtle changes in skull morphology in late ontogeny, which indicates different functional demands possibly associated with a different ecology.
K. Kienapfel, S. Läbe, and H. Preuschoft
Foss. Rec., 17, 59–67, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-59-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-17-59-2014, 2014
Cited articles
Cook, H. J.: New Eocene titanotheres from Moffat County, Colorado, Proceedings of the Colorado Museum of Natural History, 7, 12–18, 1926.
DeBlieux, D., Foss, S., Biek, R., Kuehne, P., and Willis, G.: New Eocene fossil perissodactyls from Thousand Lake Mountain, central Utah, Abstracts with Programs Geological Society of America, 43, p. 79, 2011.
Douglass, E.: Preliminary descriptions of some new titanotheres from the Uinta deposits, Annuals of the Carnegie Museum, 6, 304–313, 1909.
Eberle, J. J. and Greenwood, D. R.: Life at the top of the greenhouse Eocene world-A review of the Eocene flora and vertebrate fauna from Canada's High Arctic, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 124, 3–23, 2012.
Eberle, J. J. and Storer, J. E.: Northernmost record of brontotheres, Axel Heiberg Island, Canada: implications for age of the Buchanan Lake Formation and brontothere paleobiology, J. Paleontol., 73, 979–83, 1999.
Gazin, C. L. and Sullivan, J. M.: A new titanothere from the Eocene of Mississippi with notes on the correlation between the marine Eocene of the Gulf Coastal Plain and continental Eocene of the Rocky Mountain region, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 101, 1–13, 1942.
Gregory, W. K.: Note on the upper Eocene titanotheroid Telmatherium(?) incisivum Douglass from the Uinta Basin, Science, 35, p. 545, 1912.
Gunnell, G. F. and Yarborough, V.: Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the late early and middle Eocene (Bridgerian), Wasatch and Bridger Formations, southern Green River Basin, southwestern Wyoming, J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 20, 349–68, 2000.
Hatcher, J. B.: On a new species of Diplacodon, with a discussion of the relations of that genus to Telmatotherium, Am. Nat., 29, 1084–1090, 1895.
Kelly, T. S., Murphey, P. C., and Walsh, S. L.: New records of small mammals from the middle Eocene Duchesne River Formation, Utah, and their implications for the Duchesnean-Uintan North American Land Mammal Age transition, Paludicola, 8, 194–237, 2012.
Lucas, S. G.: Redefinition of the Duchesnean land mammal "age," late Eocene of western North America, in: Eocene-Oligocene Climatic and Biotic Evolution, edited by: Prothero, D. R. and Berggren, W. A., Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 88–105, 1992.
Lucas, S. G. and Holbrook, L. T.: The skull of the Eocene perissodactyl Lambdotherium and its phylogenetic significance, in: Paleogene Mammals, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Zeigler, K. E., and Kondrashov, P. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26, 33–44, 2004.
Lucas, S. G. and Schoch, R. M.: Duchesneodus, a new name for some titanotheres (Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae) from the late Eocene of western North America, J. Paleontol., 56, 1018–1023, 1982.
Lucas, S. G., Emry, R. J., and Mihlbachler, M. C.: Late Eocene brontotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) from the Beaver Divide, Wyoming, and their biochronological significance, in: Paleogene Mammals, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Zeigler, K. E., and Kondrashov, P. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26, 113–118, 2004.
Lull, R. S.: Megacerops tyleri, a new species of titanothere from the badlands of South Dakota, J. Geol., 34, 443–456, 1905.
Mader, B. J.: The Brontotheriidae: a systematic revision and preliminary phylogeny of North American genera, in: The Evolution of Perissodactyls, edited by: Prothero, D. R. and Schoch, R. M., Oxford University Press, Oxford, 458–484, 1989.
Mader, B. J.: Brontotheriidae, in: Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Volume 1: Terrestrial Carnivores, Ungulates, and Ungulate-like Mammals, edited by: Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M., and Jacobs, L. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 525–536, 1998.
Mader, B. J.: Pseudodiplacodon, a new generic name for Diplacodon progressum Peterson (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae), J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 20, 164–166, 2000.
Mader, B. J.: A species level revision of Bridgerian and Uintan bronotheres (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) exclusive of Palaeosyops, Zootaxa, 1837, 1–85, 2008.
Mader, B. J.: Details of the cranial anatomy of a primitive diplacodont brontothere, cf. Protitanotherium, from the Wiggins Formation of Wyoming (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae), J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 29, 1224–1232, 2009a.
Mader, B. J.: The cranial anatomy of Metarhinus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla, Brontotheriidae), J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 29, 1300–1305, 2009b.
Mihlbacher, M. C.: Eubrontotherium clarnoensis, a new genus and species of brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla) from the Hancock Quarry, Clarno Formation, Wheeler County, Oregon, PaleoBios, 27, 19–39, 2007.
Mihlbacher, M. C.: Species taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 311, 1–475, 2008.
Mihlbacher, M. C.: A new Uintan horned brontothere from Wyoming and the evolution of canine size and sexual dimorphism in the Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia), J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 31, 202–214, 2011.
Mihlbacher, M. C. and Deméré, T. A.: A new species of Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Santiago Formation (Duchesnean, middle Eocene) of Southern California, Proceedings of the San Diego Society of Natural History, 41, 1–36, 2009.
Mihlbacher, M. C. and Deméré, T. A.: Phylogenetic status of Metarhinus pater (Brontotheriidae: Perissodactyla) from southern California and species variation in Metarhinus from the Middle Eocene of North America, J. Vertebr. Paleontol., 30, 1229–1244, 2010.
Mihlbacher, M. C., Lucas, S. G., and Emry, R. J.: The holotype specimen of Menodus giganteus, and the "insoluble" problem of Chadronian brontothere taxonomy, in: Paleogene Mammals, edited by: Lucas, S. G., Zeigler, K. E., and Kondrashov, P. E., New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26, 129–135, 2004.
Osborn, H. F.: The Mammalia of the Uinta Formation. Part III. The Perissodactyla, T. Am. Philos. Soc., 16, 505–530, 1889.
Osborn, H. F.: Fossil mammals of the Uinta Basin. Expedition of 1894, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 7, 71–105, 1895.
Osborn, H. F.: New or little known titanotheres from the Eocene and Oligocene, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 24, 599–617, 1908.
Osborn, H. F.: Lower Eocene titanotheres. Genera Lambdotherium, Eotitanops, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 21, 407–515, 1913.
Osborn, H. F.: Titanotheres of Ancient Wyoming, Dakota, and Nebraska, United States Geological Survey Monographs, 55, 1–894, 1929.
Peterson, O. A.: A small titanothere from the lower Uinta beds, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 9, 53–57, 1914a.
Peterson, O. A.: A new titanothere from the Uinta Eocene, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 9, 29–52, 1914b.
Peterson, O. A.: New species of the genus Teleodus from the Upper Uinta of Northeastern Utah, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 20, 307–312, 1931.
Peterson, O. A.: New titanotheres from the Uinta Eocene in Utah, Annals of the Carnegie Museum, 22, 351–361, 1934.
Rasmussen, D. T., Hamblin, A. H., and Tabrum, A. R.: The mammals of the Eocene Duchesne River Formation, in: Vertebrate Paleontology of Utah, edited by: Gillette, D. D., Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-I, 422–427, 1999.
Riggs, E. S.: New or little known titanotheres from the lower Uintah formations with notes on the stratigraphy and distributions of fossils, Field Museum of Natural History, Geological Series 4, 17–41, 1912.
Robinson, P., Gunnell, G. F., Walsh, S. L., Clyde, W. C., Storer, J. E., Stucky, R. K., Froehlich, D. J., Ferrusquia-Villafranca, I., and McKenna, M. C.: Wasatchian through Duchesnean biochronology, in: Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America, Biostratigraphy and Geochronology, edited by: Woodburne, M. O., Columbia University Press, New York, 106–155, 2004
Simpson, G. G.: Principles of Animal Taxonomy, Columbia University Press, New York, 1961.
Sprinkel, D.: Interim geologic map of the Vernal 30' × 60' quadrangle, Uintah and Duchesne Counties, Utah, and Moffat and Rio Blanco Counties, Colorado, Scale 1 : 100 000, 2007.
Stock, C.: Titanothere remains from the Sespe of California, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 21, 456–462, 1935.
Stock, C.: Titanotheres from the Titus Canyon Formation, California, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 21, 456–462, 1936.
Stock, C.: An Eocene Titanothere from San Diego County, California, with remarks on the age of the Poway Conglomerate, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 23, 48–53, 1937.
Stock, C.: A titanothere from the type Sespe of California, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 24, 507–512, 1938.
Stovall, J. W.: Chadron vertebrate fossils from below the Rim Rock of Presidio County, Texas, Am. J. Sci., 246, 78–95, 1948.
Stucky, R. K., Prothero, D. R., Lohr, W. G., and Snyder, J. R.: Magnetic stratigraphy, sedimentology, and mammalian faunas of the early Uintan Washakie Formation, San Wash Basin, northwestern Colorado, in: The Terrestrial Eocene-Oligocene Transition, edited by: Prothero, D. R. and Emry, R. J., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 40–51, 1996.
Townsend, K. E., Friscia, A. R., and Rasmussen, D. T.: Stratigraphic distribution of upper Middle Eocene fossil vertebrate localities in the eastern Uinta Basin, Utah, with comments on Uintan Biostratigraphy, The Mountain Geologist, 43, 115–134, 2006.
