Articles | Volume 21, issue 2
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-183-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
https://doi.org/10.5194/fr-21-183-2018
© Author(s) 2018. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Research article
| 
20 Aug 2018
Research article |
| 20 Aug 2018
| 20 Aug 2018
The Paleocene record of marine diatoms in deep-sea sediments
Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
Effi-Laura Drews
Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
Simon Böhne
Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung, Berlin, Germany
Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
Related authors
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, and David Lazarus
J. Micropalaeontol., 45, 177–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-177-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-177-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a pivotal interval in Earth's geological history, marked by cooling and Antarctic glaciation. Our research explores how Southern Ocean diatoms responded to these changes. By analyzing records from multiple sites, we revealed previously unrecognized diatom diversity, and identified distinct patterns in diversity and extinction. These findings deepen our understanding of the interplay between climatic perturbations and the biosphere.
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, and David Lazarus
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1009, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how diatoms (photosynthetic algae with silica shells) responded to major climatic and ocean changes between 38 and 32 million years ago, when the climate shifted into a colder state and Antarctic ice sheets expanded. Equatorial Atlantic sediment records show a sharp reorganization of diatom communities and an extinction pulse around 33.5 million years ago, coinciding with the largest cooling step of this transition.
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, David Lazarus, and Gabrielle Rodrigues de Faria
Clim. Past, 21, 2283–2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2283-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2283-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied diatom fossils from the Southern Ocean to understand how ocean productivity changed ~40–30 million years ago during a major climate shift marked by the onset of permanent Antarctic glaciation and global cooling. We found striking shifts in diatom productivity, revealing critical changes in ocean circulation and nutrient supply. Our results show how these microscopic organisms may have influenced climate, acting as a geological force that shaped global climate over time.
Cécile Figus, Steve Bohaty, Johan Renaudie, and Jakub Witkowski
Clim. Past, 21, 1431–1441, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We examine trends in biosiliceous fluxes and isotopic records in the North and South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans during two climatic and biotic events: the Latest Danian Event (LDE; ~62.2 Ma) and the Early Late Palaeocene Event (ELPE; ~59.2 Ma). Our results show a peak during the LDE and following the ELPE.
Cécile Figus, Johan Renaudie, Or M. Bialik, and Jakub Witkowski
Biogeosciences, 22, 3029–3046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3029-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3029-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The synthesis of Palaeogene deep-sea diatom-bearing sediment occurrences indicates that the deposition of diatom-bearing sediments is mainly controlled by nutrient availability and ocean circulation in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Comparison with shallow marine diatomites suggests that the peak in the number of diatom-bearing sites in the Atlantic is indirectly related to tectonic reorganizations that caused the cessation of shallow marine diatomite deposition between ~46 and ~44 Ma.
Johan Renaudie and David B. Lazarus
Biogeosciences, 22, 1929–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1929-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1929-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new compilation of rates at which sediments deposited in the deep sea over the last 70 million years. We highlight a bias, linked to the drilling process, that makes it more likely for high rates to be recovered for younger sediments than for older ones. Correcting for this bias, the record shows, contrary to prior estimates, a more stable history, thus providing some insights on the past mismatch between physico-chemical model estimates and observations.
Cécile Figus, Or M. Bialik, Andrey Y. Gladenkov, Tatyana V. Oreshkina, Johan Renaudie, Pavel Smirnov, and Jakub Witkowski
Clim. Past, 20, 2629–2644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2629-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2629-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A global-scale compilation of Palaeogene diatomite occurrences shows how palaeogeographic and palaeoceanographic changes impacted diatom accumulation, especially in the middle Eocene. Diatomite deposition dropped in epicontinental seas between ~ 46 and ~ 44 Ma, while diatom accumulation began around 43.5 Ma in open-ocean settings. The compilation also shows an indirect correlation between Palaeogene climate fluctuations and diatomite deposition in shallow-marine and freshwater environments.
Gabrielle Rodrigues de Faria, David Lazarus, Johan Renaudie, Jessica Stammeier, Volkan Özen, and Ulrich Struck
Clim. Past, 20, 1327–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Export productivity is part of the global carbon cycle, influencing the climate system via biological pump. About 34 million years ago, the Earth's climate experienced a climate transition from a greenhouse state to an icehouse state with the onset of ice sheets in Antarctica. Our study shows important productivity events in the Southern Ocean preceding this climatic shift. Our findings strongly indicate that the biological pump potentially played an important role in that past climate change.
Clément Coiffard, Haytham El Atfy, Johan Renaudie, Robert Bussert, and Dieter Uhl
Biogeosciences, 20, 1145–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Eighty-million-year-old fossil leaf assemblages suggest a widespread distribution of tropical rainforest in northeastern Africa.
Veronica Carlsson, Taniel Danelian, Pierre Boulet, Philippe Devienne, Aurelien Laforge, and Johan Renaudie
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 165–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the use of automatic classification using AI on eight closely related radiolarian species of the genus Podocyrtis based on MobileNet CNN. Species belonging to Podocyrtis are useful for middle Eocene biostratigraphy. Numerous images of Podocyrtis species from the tropical Atlantic Ocean were used to train and validate the CNN. An overall accuracy of about 91 % was obtained. Additional Podocyrtis specimens from other ocean realms were used to test the predictive model.
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, and David Lazarus
J. Micropalaeontol., 45, 177–194, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-177-2026, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-45-177-2026, 2026
Short summary
Short summary
The Eocene–Oligocene transition was a pivotal interval in Earth's geological history, marked by cooling and Antarctic glaciation. Our research explores how Southern Ocean diatoms responded to these changes. By analyzing records from multiple sites, we revealed previously unrecognized diatom diversity, and identified distinct patterns in diversity and extinction. These findings deepen our understanding of the interplay between climatic perturbations and the biosphere.
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, and David Lazarus
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1009, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2026-1009, 2026
This preprint is open for discussion and under review for Climate of the Past (CP).
Short summary
Short summary
We studied how diatoms (photosynthetic algae with silica shells) responded to major climatic and ocean changes between 38 and 32 million years ago, when the climate shifted into a colder state and Antarctic ice sheets expanded. Equatorial Atlantic sediment records show a sharp reorganization of diatom communities and an extinction pulse around 33.5 million years ago, coinciding with the largest cooling step of this transition.
Volkan Özen, Johan Renaudie, David Lazarus, and Gabrielle Rodrigues de Faria
Clim. Past, 21, 2283–2297, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2283-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-2283-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We studied diatom fossils from the Southern Ocean to understand how ocean productivity changed ~40–30 million years ago during a major climate shift marked by the onset of permanent Antarctic glaciation and global cooling. We found striking shifts in diatom productivity, revealing critical changes in ocean circulation and nutrient supply. Our results show how these microscopic organisms may have influenced climate, acting as a geological force that shaped global climate over time.
Cécile Figus, Steve Bohaty, Johan Renaudie, and Jakub Witkowski
Clim. Past, 21, 1431–1441, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1431-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-21-1431-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We examine trends in biosiliceous fluxes and isotopic records in the North and South Atlantic, South Pacific, and Indian oceans during two climatic and biotic events: the Latest Danian Event (LDE; ~62.2 Ma) and the Early Late Palaeocene Event (ELPE; ~59.2 Ma). Our results show a peak during the LDE and following the ELPE.
Cécile Figus, Johan Renaudie, Or M. Bialik, and Jakub Witkowski
Biogeosciences, 22, 3029–3046, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3029-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-3029-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
The synthesis of Palaeogene deep-sea diatom-bearing sediment occurrences indicates that the deposition of diatom-bearing sediments is mainly controlled by nutrient availability and ocean circulation in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans. Comparison with shallow marine diatomites suggests that the peak in the number of diatom-bearing sites in the Atlantic is indirectly related to tectonic reorganizations that caused the cessation of shallow marine diatomite deposition between ~46 and ~44 Ma.
Johan Renaudie and David B. Lazarus
Biogeosciences, 22, 1929–1946, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1929-2025, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-1929-2025, 2025
Short summary
Short summary
We provide a new compilation of rates at which sediments deposited in the deep sea over the last 70 million years. We highlight a bias, linked to the drilling process, that makes it more likely for high rates to be recovered for younger sediments than for older ones. Correcting for this bias, the record shows, contrary to prior estimates, a more stable history, thus providing some insights on the past mismatch between physico-chemical model estimates and observations.
Cécile Figus, Or M. Bialik, Andrey Y. Gladenkov, Tatyana V. Oreshkina, Johan Renaudie, Pavel Smirnov, and Jakub Witkowski
Clim. Past, 20, 2629–2644, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2629-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-2629-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
A global-scale compilation of Palaeogene diatomite occurrences shows how palaeogeographic and palaeoceanographic changes impacted diatom accumulation, especially in the middle Eocene. Diatomite deposition dropped in epicontinental seas between ~ 46 and ~ 44 Ma, while diatom accumulation began around 43.5 Ma in open-ocean settings. The compilation also shows an indirect correlation between Palaeogene climate fluctuations and diatomite deposition in shallow-marine and freshwater environments.
Gabrielle Rodrigues de Faria, David Lazarus, Johan Renaudie, Jessica Stammeier, Volkan Özen, and Ulrich Struck
Clim. Past, 20, 1327–1348, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-20-1327-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Export productivity is part of the global carbon cycle, influencing the climate system via biological pump. About 34 million years ago, the Earth's climate experienced a climate transition from a greenhouse state to an icehouse state with the onset of ice sheets in Antarctica. Our study shows important productivity events in the Southern Ocean preceding this climatic shift. Our findings strongly indicate that the biological pump potentially played an important role in that past climate change.
Clément Coiffard, Haytham El Atfy, Johan Renaudie, Robert Bussert, and Dieter Uhl
Biogeosciences, 20, 1145–1154, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1145-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-1145-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Eighty-million-year-old fossil leaf assemblages suggest a widespread distribution of tropical rainforest in northeastern Africa.
Veronica Carlsson, Taniel Danelian, Pierre Boulet, Philippe Devienne, Aurelien Laforge, and Johan Renaudie
J. Micropalaeontol., 41, 165–182, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-165-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/jm-41-165-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study evaluates the use of automatic classification using AI on eight closely related radiolarian species of the genus Podocyrtis based on MobileNet CNN. Species belonging to Podocyrtis are useful for middle Eocene biostratigraphy. Numerous images of Podocyrtis species from the tropical Atlantic Ocean were used to train and validate the CNN. An overall accuracy of about 91 % was obtained. Additional Podocyrtis specimens from other ocean realms were used to test the predictive model.
Cited articles
Aleksandrova, G., Oreshkina, T., Iakovleva, A., and Radionova, E.: Late Paleocene-Early Eocene diatoms and dinocysts from biosiliceous facies of the middle Trans-Urals region, Stratigr. Geo. Correl.+, 20, 380–404, 2012.
Alroy, J.: Geographical, environmental and intrinsic biotic controls on Phanerozoic marine diversification, Palaeontology, 53, 1211–1235, 2010.
Baldauf, J. and Barron, J.: Evolution of biosiliceous sedimentation patterns – Eocene through Quaternary: paleoceanographic response to polar cooling, in: Geological History of the Polar Oceans: Arctic Versus Antarctic, edited by: Bleil, U. and Thiede, J., vol. 308 of NATO ASI Series C, 575–607, Springer, Berlin, 1990.
Barker, J. and Meakin, S.: New and rare diatoms, Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, Series, 4, 6, 1949.
Barron, J. A., Stickley, C. E., and Bukry, D.: Paleoceanographic, and paleoclimatic constraints on the global Eocene diatom and silicoflagellate record, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 422, 85–100, 2015.
Benda, L.: Diatomeen aus dem Eozän Norddeutschlands, Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 39, 165–187, 1965.
Bernaola, G., Baceta, J. I., Orue-Etxebarria, X., Alegret, L., Martín-Rubio, M., Arostegui, J., and Dinarès-Turell, J.: Evidence of an abrupt environmental disruption during the mid-Paleocene biotic event (Zumaia section, western Pyrenees), Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 119, 785–795, 2007.
Bohling, G. C.: Chronos Age-Depth Plot: A Java application for stratigraphic data analysis, Geosphere, 1, 78–84, 2005.
Boyden, J. A., Müller, R. D., Gurnis, M., Torsvik, T. H., Clark, J. A., Turner, M., Ivey-Law, H., Watson, R. J., and Cannon, J. S.: Next-generation plate-tectonic reconstructions using GPlates, in: Geoinformatics: cyberinfrastructure for the solid earth sciences, edited by: Keller, G. and Baru, C., 95–114, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2011.
Brigger, A. and Hanna, G. D.: A review of Kittonia, a genus of diatoms, Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 50, 1–10, 1965.
Brun, J. and Tempère, J.: Diatomées fossiles du Japon: Espèces marines & nouvelles des calcaires argileux de Sendaï & Yedo, vol. 30, Société de physique et d'histoire naturelle de Genève, 1889.
Cermeño, P., Falkowski, P. G., Romero, O. E., Schaller, M. F., and Vallina, S. M.: Continental erosion and the Cenozoic rise of marine diatoms, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 112, 4239–4244, 2015.
Cervato, C. and Burckle, L.: Pattern of first and last appearance in diatoms: oceanic circulation and the position of polar fronts during the Cenozoic, Paleoceanography, 18, 2003.
Cramer, B. S., Toggweiler, J. R., Wright, J. D., Katz, M. E., and Miller, K. G.: Ocean overturning since the Late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation, Paleoceanography, 24, PA4216, https://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001683, 2009.
Dell'Agnese, D. J. and Clark, D. L.: Siliceous microfossils from the warm Late Cretaceous and early Cenozoic Arctic Ocean, J. Paleontol., 68, 31–47, 1994.
Ehrenberg, C.: Über die Bildung der Kreidefelsen und des Kreidemergels durch unsichtbare Organismen, Abhandlung Königlich Akademie Wissenschften Berlin, Jahrbuch 1838, 59–147, 1838.
Ehrenberg, C.: Über 2 neue Lager von Gebirgsmassen aus Infusorien als Meeres-Absatz in Nord-Amerika und eine Vergleichung derselben mit den organischen Kreide-Gebilden in Europa und Afrika, Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Jahre, 1844, 57–97, 1844.
Ehrenberg, C. G.: Verbreitung und Einfluss des mikroskopischen Lebens in Süd-und Nord-Amerika, Abhandlungen der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1841, 291–445, 1843.
Ehrenberg, C. G.: Mitheilungen über Resultate bei Anwendung des chromatisch-polarisierten Lichtes für mikroskopische Verhältnisse, Verhandlungen der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1849, 55–75, 1849.
Ehrenberg, C. G.: Die systematische Charakteristik der neuen mikroskopischen Organismen des tiefen atlantischen Oceans, Königlichen Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Bericht, Jahre, 1854, 236–250, 1854.
Fenner, J.: Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy of the equatorial and southern Atlantic Ocean, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 38, 491, 1978.
Fenner, J.: Eocene-Oligocene planktic diatom stratigraphy in the low latitudes and the high southern latitudes, Micropaleontology, 30, 319–342, 1984.
Fenner, J.: Taxonomy, Stratigraphy, and Paleoceanographic Implications of Paleocene Diatoms, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Ciesielski, P. F., Kristoffersen, Y., Clement, B., Blangy, J.-P., Bourrouilh, R., Crux, J. A., Fenner, J. M., Froelich, P. N., Hailwood, E., Hodell, D., Katz, M. E., Ling, H. Y., Mienert, J., Muller, D., Mwenifumbo, C. J., Nobes, D. C., Nocchi, M., Warnke, D. A., and Westall, F., 114, 123–154, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1991.
Fenner, J.: Diatoms of the Fur Formation, their taxonomy and biostratigraphic interpretation–results from the Harre borehole, Denmark, Aarhus Geoscience, 1, 99–131, 1994.
Fenner, J. M.: Description of a new fossil diatom species, Haslea antiqua (Bacillariophyceae), with comments on its valve structure, and habitat, Nova Hedwigia, 114, 107–124, 2015.
Forti, A.: Studi per una Monografia del genere Pyxilla (Diatomee) e dei generi affini, Tipografia del Seminario, 1909.
Fourtanier, E.: Paleocene and Eocene Diatom Biostratigraphy and Taxonomy of Eastern Indian Ocean Site 752, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Barker, P. F., Kennett, J. P., O'Connell, S., Berkowitz, S., Bryant, W. R., Burckle, L. H., Egeberg, P. K., Fiitterer, D. K., Gersonde, R. E., Golovchenko, X., Hamilton, N., Lawver, L., Lazarus, D. B., Lonsdale, M., Mohr, B., Nagao, T., Pereira, C. P. Q., Pudsey,C. J., Robert, C. M., Schandl, E., Spiej, V., Stott, L. D., Thomas, E., Thompson, K. F. M., and Wise Jr., S. W., 121, 171–187, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1991.
Gersonde, R. and Harwood, D. M.: Lower Cretaceous Diatoms from ODP Leg 113 Site 693 (Weddell Sea). Part 1: Vegetative Cells, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Barker, P. F., Kennett, J. P., O'Connell, S., Berkowitz, S., Bryant, W. R., Burckle, L. H., Egeberg, P. K., Fiitterer, D. K., Qersonde, R. E., Qolovchenko, X., Hamilton, N., Lawver, L., Lazarus, D. B., Lonsdale, M., Mohr, B., Nagao, T., Pereira, C. P. Q., Pudsey, C. J., Robert, C. M., Schandl, E., Spiej, V., Stott, L. D., Thomas, E., Thompson, K. F. M., and Wise Jr., S. W., 113, 365–402, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1990.
Gleser, S.: Significance of research on the systematics of diatoms for biostratigraphy and paleogeography, Ezhedognik Vsesoyuznog Paleontologicheskogo Obshchestva, 27, 284–298, 1984.
Gombos, A. M. J.: Middle Eocene diatoms from the South Atlantic, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 71, 565–581, 1983.
Gombos Jr., A. M.: Paleogene and Neogene diatoms from the Falkland plateau and Malvinas outer basin: Leg 36, Deep Sea Drilling Project, in: Initial Rep. Deep Sea, edited by: Wise Jr., S. W., 36, 575–687, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1977.
Gombos Jr., A. M.: Late Paleocene Diatoms in the Cape Basin, in: Initial Rep. Deep Sea, edited by: Bailey, M. G., 73, 495–511, US Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1984.
Gradstein, F. M., Ogg, J. G., Schmitz, M. D., and Ogg, G. M.: The Geologic Time Scale, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2012.
Greville, R. K.: Descriptions of New and Rare Diatoms. Series IX., J. Microsc.-Oxford, 11, 63–76, 1863.
Greville, R. K.: Descriptions of New and Rare Diatoms. Series XIII., J. Microsc.-Oxford, 12, 87–94, 1864.
Greville, R. K.: Descriptions of New and Rare Diatoms. Series XVI., J. Microsc.-Oxford, 13, 43–84, 1865.
Grove, E. and Sturt, G.: On a Fossil Marine Diatomaceous Deposit from Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand: Part II, Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 2, 7–12, 1886a.
Grove, E. and Sturt, G.: On a Fossil Marine Diatomaceous Deposit from Oamaru, Otago, New Zealand: Appendix, Journal of the Quekett Microscopical Club, 2, 134–148, 1886b.
Grunow, A.: Die Diatomeen von Franz Josefs-Land, Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof-und Staatsdruckerei Wien, 1884.
Hajós, M.: Upper Eocene and lower Oligocene Diatomaceae, Archaeomonadaceae, and Silicoflagellatae in southwestern Pacific sediments, DSDP leg 29, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 29, 817–883, 1976.
Hajós, M. and Stradner, H.: Late Cretaceous Archaeomonadaceae, Diatomaceae, and Silicoflagellatae from the South Pacific Ocean, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Leg 29, Site 275, Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, 29, 913–1009, 1975.
Hanna, G. D.: Cretaceous diatoms from California, Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 13, 1927.
Harwood, D., Chang, K., and Nikolaev, V.: Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous diatoms from Jasong Synthem, Southern Korea: Evidence for a terrestrial origin, in: Abstracts, 18th International Diatom Symposium, Miedzyzdroje, Poland, p. 81, Szczecin University Press Szczecin, Poland, 2004.
Harwood, D. M.: Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene diatom and silicoflagellate biostratigraphy of Seymour Island, eastern Antarctic Peninsula, Geol. Soc. Am. Mem., 169, 55–130, 1988.
Harwood, D. M. and Nikolaev, V. A.: Cretaceous diatoms: morphology, taxonomy, biostratigraphy, Short courses in paleontology, 8, 81–106, 1995.
Harwood, D. M., Nikolaev, V. A., and Winter, D. M.: Cretaceous records of diatom evolution, radiation, and expansion, in: Pond scum to carbon sink; geological and environmental applications of the diatoms, edited by: Staratt, S. W., The Paleontological Society Papers, 13, 33–59, Paleontological Society, 2007.
Heiberg, P. A. C.: Kritisk oversigt over de danske diatomeer, W. Prior, 1863.
Hollis, C.: Latest Cretaceous to Late Paleocene Radiolaria from Marlborough (New Zealand) and DSDP Site 208, PhD thesis, University of Auckland, 1991.
Hollis, C.: Latest Cretaceous to Late Paleocene radiolarian biostratigraphy: A new zonation from the New Zealand region, Mar. Micropaleontol., 21, 295–327, 1993.
Hollis, C.: Radiolarian faunal change through the Cretaceous-Tertiary transition of eastern Marlborough, New Zealand, in: Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinctions: Biotic and Environmental Changes, edited by: MacLeod, N., 173–204, 1996.
Hollis, C.: Cretaceous-Paleocene Radiolaria from eastern Marlborough, New Zealand, vol. 17 of Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences monograph, Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences, 1997.
Hollis, C., Rodgers, K., and Parker, R.: Siliceous plankton bloom in the earliest Tertiary of Marlborough, New Zealand, Geology, 23, 835–838, 1995.
Hollis, C., Rodgers, K., Strong, C., Field, B., and Rogers, K.: Paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary in the northern Clarence Valley, southeastern Marlborough, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 46, 209–234, 2003a.
Hollis, C., Strong, C., Rodgers, K., and Rogers, K.: Paleoenvironmental changes across the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary at Flaxbourne River and Woodside Creek, eastern Marlborough, New Zealand, New Zeal. J. Geol. Geop., 46, 177–197, 2003b.
Hollis, C. J., Stickley, C. E., Bijl, P. K., Schiøler, P., Clowes, C. D., Li, X., and Campbell, H.: The age of the Takatika Grit, Chatham Islands, New Zealand, Alcheringa, 41, 383–396, 2017.
Homann, M.: Die Diatomeen der Fur-Formation (Alttertiär) aus dem Limfjord-Gebiet, Nordjütland/Dänemark, Geologisches Jahrbuch Reihe A, 123, 1991.
Hustedt, F.: Die Kieselalgen Deutschlands, Österreichs und der Schweiz mit Berücksichtigung der übrigen Länder Europas sowie der angrenzenden Meeresgebiete. Part I, vol. 7 of Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz, Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1930.
Jousé, A. P.: Novye diatomovye I kremnevye zhgutikovye vodorosli verkhnemelovogo vozrasta iz glinistykh peskov basseina reki Bol'shoi Aktai (vostochnyi sklon Severnogo Urala), Botaničeskie materialy Otdela Sporovych Rastenij, 6, 65–78, 1949.
Jousé, A. P.: Diatomeae aetatis palaeocaeni Uralii Septentrionalis, Notulae systematicae e sectione cryptogamica Instituti Botanici nomine VI Komarovii Academiae Scientiarum URSS, 7, 24–42, 1951.
Jousé, A. P.: Species novae diatomacearum aetatis paleogenae, Botaničeskie materialy Otdela Sporovych Rastenij, 10, 81–103, 1955.
Katz, M. E., Finkel, Z. V., Grzebyk, D., Knoll, A. H., and Falkowski, P. G.: Evolutionary trajectories and biogeochemical impacts of marine eukaryotic phytoplankton, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. S., 523–556, 2004.
Koizumi, I.: Diatom biostratigraphy of the Japan Sea; Leg 127, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 127, 249–289, 1992.
Krotov, A. and Schibkova, K.: Species novae diatomacearum e paleogeno montium uralensium, Botan. Mater. Otd. Sporovykh Rast., Botan. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, 12, 112–129, 1959.
Lazarus, D.: Age depth plot and age maker: Age modelling of stratigraphic sections on the Macintosh series of computers, Geobyte, 2, 7–13, 1992.
Lazarus, D.: Neptune: a Mar. Micropaleontol. database, Math. Geol., 26, 817–832, 1994.
Lazarus, D.: The Micropaleontological Reference Centers Network, Sci. Dril., 3, 46–49, https://doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.3.10.2006, 2006.
Lazarus, D.: The deep-sea microfossil record of macroevolutionary change in plankton and its study, Geol. Soc. London Spec. Publ., 358, 141–166, 2011.
Lazarus, D., Barron, J., Renaudie, J., Diver, P., and Türke, A.: Cenozoic Planktonic Marine Diatom Diversity and Correlation to Climate Change, PLoS ONE, 9, e84857, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084857, 2014.
Long, J. A., Fuge, D. P., and Smith, J.: Diatoms of the Moreno shale, J. Paleontol., 20, 89–118, 1946.
MacLeod, N., Rawson, P. F., Forey, P. L., Banner, F. T., Boudagher-Fadel, M. K., Bown, P. R., Burnett, J. A., Chambers, P., Culver, S., Evans, S. E., Jeffery, C., Kaminski, M. A., Lord, A. R., Milner, A. C., Milner, A. R., Morris, N., Owen, E., Rosen, B. R., Smith, A. B., Taylor, P. D., Urquhart, E., and Young, J. R.: The Cretaceous-tertiary biotic transition, J. Geol. Soc. London, 154, 265–292, 1997.
Medlin, L. K.: Why silica or better yet why not silica? Speculations as to why the diatoms utilise silica as their cell wall material, Diatom Res., 17, 453–459, 2002.
Medlin, L. K.: A timescale for diatom evolution based on four molecular markers: reassessment of ghost lineages and major steps defining diatom evolution., Vie Milieu, 65, 219–238, 2015.
Medlin, L. K.: Evolution of the diatoms: major steps in their evolution and a review of the supporting molecular and morphological evidence, Phycologia, 55, 79–103, 2016.
Mukhina, V. V.: Species composition of the late Paleocene diatoms and silicoflagellates in the Indian Ocean, Micropaleontology, 22, 151–158, 1976.
Muttoni, G. and Kent, D. V.: Widespread formation of cherts during the early Eocene climate optimum, Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl., 253, 348–362, 2007.
National Geophysical Data Center: Core Data from the Deep Sea Drilling Project Legs 1-96. World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics, Seafloor Series, 1, http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/fliers/00mgg03.html (last access: 8 May 2013), 2000.
National Geophysical Data Center: Core Data from the Ocean Drilling Program Legs 101-129. World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics, Seafloor Series, 2, http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/mgg/geology/odp/start.htm (last access: 23 April 2013), 2001.
Nikolaev, V. A. and Harwood, D. M.: Morphology and taxonomic position of the Late Cretaceous diatom genus Pomphodiscus Barker & Meakin, Micropaleontology, 46, 167–177, 2000.
Nikolaev, V. A. and Harwood, D. M.: Diversity and classification of centric diatoms, in: Proceedings of the 16th International Diatom Symposium, edited by: Economou-Amilli, A., 127–152, University of Athens, 2002.
Nikolaev, V. A., Kociolek, J. P., Fourtanier, E., Barron, J. A., and Harwood, D. M.: Late Cretaceous diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) from the Marca shale member of the Moreno formation, California, Occasional papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 152, 1–119, 2001.
Oreshkina, T. and Aleksandrova, G.: Terminal Paleocene of the Volga middle reaches: Biostratigraphy and paleosettings, Stratigr. Geo. Correl.+, 15, 206–230, 2007.
Oreshkina, T. V.: Evidence of late Paleocene–early Eocene hyperthermal events in biosiliceous sediments of Western Siberia and adjacent areas, Austrian J. Earth Sc., 105, 145–153, 2012.
Oreshkina, T. V. and Oberhaensli, H.: Diatom turnover in the early Paleogene diatomite of the Sengiley section, middle Povolzhie, Russia: A response to the initial Eocene thermal maximum?, in: Causes and consequences of globally warm climates in the early Paleogene, edited by: Wing, S. L., Gingerich, P. D., Schmitz, B., and Thomas, E., 169–179, Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colorado, 2003.
Oreshkina, T. V. and Radionova, E. P.: Diatom record of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum in marine paleobasins of Central Russia, Transuralia and adjacent regions, Nova Hedwigia, Beiheft, 143, 307–336, 2014.
Pantocsek, J.: Beiträge zur Kenntniss der fossilen Bacillarien Ungarns, II Theil: Brackwasser Bacillarien, 1889.
Petrizzo, M. R.: An early late Paleocene event on Shatsky Rise, northwest Pacific Ocean (ODP Leg 198): evidence from planktonic foraminiferal assemblages, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by: Bralower, T. J., Premoli-Silva, L., and Malone, M. J., 198, 1–29, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 2005.
Rabosky, D. L. and Sorhannus, U.: Diversity dynamics of marine planktonic diatoms across the Cenozoic, Nature, 457, 183–186, 2009.
Radionova, E., Beniamovski, V. N., Iakovleva, A., Muzylov, N., Oreshkina, T. V., Shcherbinina, E. A., and Kozlova, G.: Early Paleogene transgressions: Stratigraphical and sedimentological evidence from the northern Peri-Tethys, Geological Society of America Special Papers, 239–262, 2003.
Renaudie, J.: Quantifying the Cenozoic marine diatom deposition history: links to the C and Si cycles, Biogeosciences, 13, 6003–6014, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-6003-2016, 2016.
Renaudie, J. and Diver, P.: nsb_adp_wx, version 0.6.1, available at: https://github.com/plannapus/nsb_adp_wx/releases, last access: 1 December 2017.
Ross, R.: Some Eocene diatoms from South Atlantic cores. II. Rutilaria Greville, Occasional Papers of the Californian Academy of Science, 1976.
Ross, R.: Revision of Rutilaria Greville (Bacillariophyta), Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Botany series, 25, 1–93, 1995.
Ross, R. and Sims, P. A.: Syringidium Ehrenb., Dextradonator Ross & Sims, nov. gen. and Abas Ross & Sims, nov. gen., Bacillaria, 3, 115–127, 1980.
Ross, R. and Sims, P. A.: Some genera of the Biddulphiaceae (diatoms) with interlocking linking spines, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series, 13, 277–381, 1985.
Ross, R. and Sims, P. A.: Further genera of the Biddulphiaceae (diatoms) with interlocking linking spines, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series, 16, 269–311, 1987.
Ross, R. and Sims, P. A.: A revision of Actinodiscus Greville, Craspedoporus Greville and related genera (Eupodiscaceae), Diatom Res., 15, 285–347, 2000.
Scheschukova-Poretzkaja, V. and Gleser, S.: Novie vidy morskikh paleogenovikh diatomovikh vodoroslei U.S.S.R. (Diatomeae Marinae novae e Paleogeno Ucrainiae), Novitates Systematicae Plantarum Non Vascularium (Academia Scientiarum URSS Institutum Botanicum Nomine V.L. Komarovii), 78–92, 1964.
Schmidt, A.: Atlas der Diatomaceen-Kunde, R. Reisland, Leipzig, 1887.
Schrader, H. J. and Fenner, J.: Norwegian Sea Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy and taxonomy; Part I, Norwegian Sea Cenozoic diatom biostratigraphy, Initial Rep. Deep Sea, 38, 921–962, 1976.
Schulz, P.: Diatomeen aus senonen Schwammgesteinen der Danziger Bucht, Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Diatomeen, Botanisches Archiv, 37, 383–413, 1935.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 208, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, edited by: Burns, R. E., Andrews, J. E., van der Lingen, G. J., Churkin Jr., M., Galehouse, J. S., Packham, G. H., Davies, T. A., Kennett, J. P., Dumitrica, P., Edwards, A. R., and Von Herzen, R. P., 271–331, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1973.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 384: The Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, Aptian reefs, and the J-anomaly Ridge, in: Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, edited by: Tucholke, B. E., Vogt, P. R., Murdmaa, I. O., Rothe, P., Houghton, R. L., Galehouse, J. S., Kaneps, A., McNulty Jr., C. L., Okada, H., Kendrick, J. W., Demars, K. R., and McCave, I. N., 43, 107, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, 1979.
Shipboard Scientific Party: Site 752, in: Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Initial Results, edited by: Peirce, J. W., Weissel, J. K., Taylor, E., Dehn, J., Driscoll, N. W., Farrell, J. W., Fourtanier, E., Frey, F. A., Gamson, P. D., Gee, J. S., Gibson, I. L., Janecek, T. R., Klootwijk, C. T., Lawrence, J. R., Littke, R., Newman, J. S., Nomura, R., Owen, R. M., Pospichal, J. J., Rea, D. K., Resiwati, P., Saunders, A. D., Smit, J., Smith, G. M., Tamaki, K., Weis, D., Wilkinson, C., Haskins Dearmont, L., Kapitan Mazzullo, E., and Stewart, N. J., 121, 111–169, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1989.
Sims, P. A.: Skeletonemopsis, a new genus based on the fossil species of the genus Skeletonema Grev., Diatom Res., 9, 387–410, 1994a.
Sims, P. A.: Benetorus, Gladiopsis and related genera from the Cretaceous, Diatom Res., 9, 165–187, 1994b.
Sims, P. A.: The early history of the Biddulphiales. I. The genus Medlinia gen. nov., Diatom Res., 13, 337–374, 1998.
Sims, P. A.: The early history of the Biddulphiales II. The genus Euodiella gen. nov., Diatom Res., 15, 383–407, 2000.
Sims, P. A. and Crawford, R. M.: The morphology and taxonomy of the marine centric diatom genus Paralia. II. Paralia crenulata, P. fausta and the new species, P. hendeyi, Diatom Res., 17, 363–382, 2002.
Sims, P. A. and Ross, R.: Some Cretaceous and Palaeogene Trinacria (diatom) species, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series, 18, 275–322, 1988.
Smetacek, V.: Diatoms and the Ocean Carbon Cycle, Protist, 150, 25–32, 1999.
Sorhannus, U.: A nuclear-encoded small-subunit ribosomal RNA timescale for diatom evolution, Mar. Micropaleontol., 65, 1–12, 2007.
Strelnikova, N.: De diatomis Cretae superioris raris et novis declivis orientalis montium Uralensium polarium., Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii, 2, 29–37, 1965.
Suto, I., Jordan, R. W., and Watanabe, M.: Taxonomy of the fossil marine diatom resting spore genus Goniothecium Ehrenberg and its allied species, Diatom Res., 23, 445–469, 2008.
Tapia, P. M. and Harwood, D. M.: Upper Cretaceous diatom biostratigraphy of the Arctic archipelago and northern continental margin, Canada, Micropaleontology, 48, 303–342, 2002.
Tréguer, P., Nelson, D. M., Van Bennekom, A. J., DeMaster, D. J., Leynaert, A., and Quéguiner, B.: The silica balance in the world ocean: a reestimate, Science, 268, 375–379, 1995.
van Heurck, H. F.: Synopsis des Diatomées de Belgique, H. van Heurck, Anvers, 1882.
Wiese, R., Renaudie, J., and Lazarus, D. B.: Testing the accuracy of genus-level data to predict species diversity in Cenozoic marine diatoms, Geology, 44, 12, 2016.
Williams, D. M.: Illustrated catalogue of the type specimens in the Greville diatom herbarium, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany Series, 18, 1–148, 1988.
Witkowski, J., Harwood, D. M., and Chin, K.: Taxonomic composition, paleoecology and biostratigraphy of late Cretaceous diatoms from Devon Island, Nunavut, Canadian High Arctic, Cretaceous Res., 32, 277–300, 2011.
Witkowski, J., Sims, P. A., Strelnikova, N. I., and Williams, D. M.: Entogoniopsis gen. nov. and Trilamina gen. nov.(Bacillariophyta): a survey of multipolar pseudocellate diatoms with internal costae, including comments on the genus Sheshukovia Gleser, Phytotaxa, 209, 1–89, 2015.
Witt, O.: Ueber den Polierschiefer von Archangelsk-Kurojedowo im Gouv. Simbirsk., Verhandlungen der Russisch-kaiserlichen mineralogischen Gesellschaft zu St. Petersburg. Series II,, 1885.
Wright, N., Zahirovic, S., Müller, R. D., and Seton, M.: Towards community-driven paleogeographic reconstructions: integrating open-access paleogeographic and paleobiology data with plate tectonics, Biogeosciences, 10, 1529–1541, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-1529-2013, 2013.
Zachos, J. C., Dickens, G. R., and Zeebe, R. E.: An early Cenozoic perspective on greenhouse warming and carbon-cycle dynamics, Nature, 451, 279–283, 2008.
Zalat, A. A.: Cretaceous diatoms biostratigraphy and taxonomy from the North-eastern Sinai, Egypt, Micropaleontology, 59, 305–323, 2013.
Short summary
Our ability to reconstruct the marine planktonic diatom early Paleogene history is hampered by decreased preservation as well as by observation bias. Collecting new diatom data in various Paleocene samples from legacy deep-sea sediment sections allows us to correct for the latter. The results show that the Paleocene deep-sea diatoms seem in fact as diverse and abundant as in the later Eocene while exhibiting very substantial survivorship of Cretaceous species up until the Eocene.
Our ability to reconstruct the marine planktonic diatom early Paleogene history is hampered by...
